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MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the action of sliding a figure in any direction
    - - the result of a figure flipped over a line
    - - the action of turning a figure around a point or a vertex
    - - combination of a reflection and a translation along the direction of the mirror line
  - - - rotation with respect to a line (axis of rotation) which molecules rotate
        
        C2 = rotation by 180
        
        C3 = rotation by 120
        
        C4 = rotation by 90
    - - a plane of reflection through which an identical copy of the original molecule is generated
        
        :
    - - rotation by 360, leaves any object unchanged
    - - invert the molecule, by moving all atoms through a point at the centre, to a position at equal distance on the opposite side
    - - combined operation made out of a rotation around an axis by 360/n followed by reflection a mirror plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation
- - - - IA = 0
      - IB =IC
      - Examples are diatomics such as oxygen (O=O), carbon monoxide (C≡O), and nitrogen (N≡N).
    - - prolate
        
        IA < IB = IC
        
        are: chloroform(CHCl3) and methylacetylene (CH3C≡CH)
      - oblate
        
        IA = IB < IC
        
        Examples are: benzene (C6H6), cyclobutadiene (C4H4), and ammonia (NH3)
    - - IA = IB = IC
      - Examples are: methane (CH4), phosphorus tetramer (P4), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), ammonium ion (NH4+), and uranium hexafluoride (UF6)
    - - if all three moments of inertia are different
      - Examples are anthracene (C14H10), water (H2O), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
  - - - where μ = m1m2/m1+m2
- - - - distance from the maximum vertical displacement to the middle of the wave
    - - distance of one full cycle of the oscillation
        
        c = λv
    - - number of wave that pass a point in a given period of time
  - - - absorption = change in intensity I of incident light
        
        sample attenuates light --> transmission
    - - emission = excitation induces emission of light from the sample
  - - - upward transition to a higher energy level
      - increase in internal energy
      - excitation
    - - downward transition to a lower energy level
      - decay in internal energy
    - - has background of random fluctuations caused by spurious electronic signals
      - to decrease noise
        
        use narrower slit
        
        less signal produces
        
        needs amplifier
        
        noise lesser than signals
    - - doppler broadening
      - collision broadening
      - Heisenberg uncertainty principle
    - - the transition probability
      - the population
      - path length of sample - Beer Lambert Law
        
        log I0/I = εcl = A (absorbance)
        
        I/I0 = 10^-εcl = T (transmittance)
        
        transmittance = T = I/I0