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Cognitive Development - Coggle Diagram
Cognitive Development
Early Childhood
Children enter the preoperational stage around 2 years old, involving a transition from primitive to more sophisticated use of symbols
Lack of Conservation = no awareness that altering an object's appearance does not change its basic properties (cups with water)
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Lack of a theory of mind = unable to understand that other people have desires and beliefs different from themselves
Symbolic thinking/symbolic function substage = thinking symbolically and representing the world mentally
Egocentrism = Inability to distinguish their own perspective from someone else's (three mountain problem)
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Infancy
Visual Preference = as an infant's visual acuity gradually improves, infants tend to respond preferentially to face like/complex patterns
Perceptual Constancy = shape, colour, object constancies. These help an infant identify what sth is regardless of the angle you look at it from
Depth Perception = Gibson and Walk (1960) have shown babies to be able to discriminate depth through the visual cliff expt
Object Permanence = the baby understands that an object continues to exists even if it cannot be seen
Babies enter the sensorimotor stage, where babies learn about the world through their senses
Middle/Late Childhood
Reversibility = children understand that numbers/objects can be changed and returned to their original state
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Conservation = children in middle late childhood have developed the ability of conservation across varying aspects from liquid to length
Theory of mind = developed a theory of mind, giving them the ability to lie
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Middle Adulthood
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Expertise increases, adults have expertise in specialised exp in specific domains to compensate for their declining abilities
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Intelligence = according to Cattell (1963) the crystallised intelligence of an indv increases whereas the fluid intelligence of an indv decreases
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Schaie's theory
Adults in middle adulthood enter the responsible stage where they have increasing number of responsibilities, making them unable to focus on their personal goals
Some adults in middle adulthood also enter the executive stage where they also have to meet the news of larger societal groups like the org they work in when they climb higher up in the social ladder
Early Adulthood
Kramer believes adults in early adulthood can engage in postformal thought, the understanding that knowledge is relative and not absolute
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According to Schaie's theory = this is where they enter the achieving stage, where adults want to meet their own personal goals and build their careers
Late Adulthood
Dementia = any neurological disorders in which primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
Alzheimers = a particular form of dementia due to brain degeneration, caused from the formation of amyloid plaques (blocks transmission between neurons) and neurofibrillary tangles (tangles within the cell)
Memory = changes during ageing, various types of memory decline at different rates
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Procedural = has the least change with age, learning new skills is still possible but slower
Schaie's theory = Adults in late adulthood enter the reintegrative stage, where indvs refocus on their personal interests and values and have fewer responsibilities
Adolescents
Enters Piaget's formal operational stage, allowing them to perform
Hypothetical deductive reasoning = coming up with a hypothesis and deducing implications / systematically deducing solutions to problems
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