1.心理計量的取向(the psychometric approaches)假設智力是一種人類個別差異的建構或特質 ,如Thurstone(1938)主張人類的基本智力包括:verba1 ability, verbal fluency, numerical ability, spatial ability perceptual ability, inductive reasoning, and memory。
另外一位學者,Gardner(l993)主張智力可分為下列七種各自獨立的能力: Linguistic musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, interpersonal , bodily-kinesthetic, and intrapersonal competences。