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Key Terms (Genetics) - Coggle Diagram
Key Terms (Genetics)
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Variation within a species : In a group of successfully interbreeding organisms the individual members show different characteristics.
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Evolution : Defined as a change of a population of 1 species that gives rise to 1 or more new species.
Natural selection : A mechanism of evolution whereby the best-adapted individuals survive and produce more offspring. Or inheritable change within a population in response to change in the environment by natural selection over time.
Gene : Part of a chromosome, made of DNA and controls a single characteristic/trait.
Gene expression : The process whereby genetic information, encoded in a gene, is transferred to its functional product.
DNA profiling : A process of making unique patterns in the non-coding regions of an individual’s DNA. Or examining DNA for a pattern or band to compare.
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Transcription : Copying of a sequence of genetic bases from DNA onto mRNA. (Making mRNA using DNA template)
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Chromosome : Found in the nucleus, made of DNA and protein and contain genes along their length.
Homologous chromosomes : Pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for the same characteristics at the same positions on the chromosomes.
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Allele : Different forms of the same gene. They occupy the same position(locus) on homologous chromosomes.
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Phenotype : This is the expression of the gene in the environment. This is how genes affect the appearance of the organism.
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Homozygous : When 2 alleles for a particular characteristic are the same. Eg – TT = Tall and tt = short
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Dominant : A dominant allele is one that is always expressed in the phenotype. Generally written with a capital letter.
Recessive : A recessive allele is not expressed in the presence of the dominant allele, but only when both recessive alleles are present. Generally written with a small letter.
Incomplete dominance : The condition in which both alleles in the heterozygous condition are expressed in the phenotype, and an intermediate phenotype results.
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The Law of Segregation : An individual has 2 genes for a character. These segregate at gamete formation. Only 1 of a pair of such genes can be carried in a single gamete. At fertilisation, the new organism will have 2 genes for each trait, one from each parent.
The Law of Independent Assortment : When gametes are formed, each member of a pair of alleles can be inherited with any one from another allele pair.
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Pedigree : A diagram showing the occurrence and appearance of a particular genetic trait from one generation to the next.
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