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*HVIII - Government + Parliament (p1) - Coggle Diagram
*
HVIII - Government + Parliament (p1)
Domestic Policies
Main focus was
threefold
: extend
powers
of Crown / raise
good rev.
to support gov. / secure
succession
Raising Revenue
Needed to
fund
policies but difficult -
peacetime
taxes
low
-
wartime
were
high
- when H. went to
war
w/
F
. [
1512-13
/
1522-25
/
1544-46
] +
Scot
. [
1513
/
1542
/
1544-45]
- need to increase Crown's rev. was
urgent
As financial demands
rose
so did opp. - H. tax
commissars
took
2yrs
to collect taxes
levied
in
1513
- in 1523 Crown demanded
subsidy
of
£800,000
but parl.
reluctant
- Crown's commissars collected less than
1/4
of sum (
£150,000
)
Final straw was
Amicable Grant
[
1525
] - required
clergy
to pay tax of
1/3
of values of goods - rest of
subjects
were
1/6
- fierce opposition shocked H. + forced
Wols
. to publicly
apologise
+
pardon
rebels - was
non-parl. act
so legal framework was
weak
- H.
abandoned
it at rebellion risk
Later in reign he
exploited
vast wealth of
monasteries
to
fund
domestic/foreign policies
Government
H. didn't want long
hours
+ deal w/
details
of gov. business - employed talented/energetic
chief ministers
-
entrusted
w/ gov/admin. - could be
manipulated
for dif. course
Gov. dominated by 2 talented
chief ministers
(
Wols./Crom
.):
Wols
. effective admin. who tried to make gov. more efficient -
1526
drew up
Eltham Ordinances
(attempted to
reform
/ professionalise Crown's admin/household +
reorganise
finances
Key
feature
of gov. was H. - style was gov. was
personal
as he worked alongside
ministers
- he consulted on matters of great importance - final
decisions
always came to him
H. inherited
strong/stable
central gov. w/ trusted advisors +
efficient
admin. -
regional
councils/
local
councils well established - Crown was
solvent
+ financial admin.
tolerable
- H. inherited some HVII ministers (
Sir John Heron
) - continued until death
1521
- continuity in personnel
strengthened
gov.
Crom
. credited by some to have rev. the gov. by employing salaried
civil servants
- they adopted more
efficient
/ professional approach to
admin
. of Kingdom
Extending power of Crown
H. believed best way to keep peace/promote
law + order
was extending
powers
of crown -
authority
of central gov. strengthened + powers over
regional councils
extended
Royal commissars
appointed to collect
tax
+ local law officers selected to
enforce
H.'s
laws
+ powers of courts like
star chamber
(serious civil/criminal
crimes
) extended
Crom.
constitutional
+ gov.
reforms
in 1530s 'rev. of gov' furthered enhanced power of Crown when H. became
Head of Church
+ state - most
powerful
Eng. monarch in history
Crown + Parliament
Trad. functions of parl. threefold: Advice - advise H. on matters of national importance / Taxation - raise rev. + supply Crown w/ money needed to govern / Law-making - draft + pass laws to ensure obedience + maintenance of law + order
H. made more use of parl. as he needed: money for foreign wars / establish royal supremacy -- in 38yr reign parl. called 9 times but sat for longer + wider range of uses than HVII - Reformation parl. called in 1529 + dismissed in 1536 - sat, not continuously, for 7yrs - prorogued 7 dif. times
Relations between Crown + Parl. as master/servant - King had power to summon, prorogue (temp. suspension of parl.) + dismiss them
1530s said to have marked big step in evolution of parl. - used to effect changes in constitutional relations w/ Church - H. became Head w/ power to effect changes to state religion - financial/legal power of parl. grew