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Human Reproduction - Coggle Diagram
Human Reproduction
Secondary sexual characteristics are features that distinguish males from females, but are not part of the reproductive system. (hormones responsible are testosterone/ oestrogen)
Males-facial hair, pubic hair, growth of Adam’s apple, broadening of the shoulders and chest.
Females-pubic hair, growth of breasts, enlargement of the hips.
The menstrual cycle is a series of cyclical changes that occur in the female reproductive system
over a 28-day period.
- Follicular phase (days 1-13):
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(b) The proliferative stage follows which is the regeneration of the lining of the uterus and the development of the egg in the ovary.
(c) The secretion of FSH from the pituitary stimulates the formation of new graafian follicles in the ovaries therefore oestrogen levels begin to increase, this inhibits the secretion of FSH from the pituitary (E.g. of a negative feedback) generally resulting in only one graafian follicle developing fully.
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(d) Towards the end of the follicular phase, oestrogen levels reach a critical level.
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(b) The Graafian follicle becomes a yellow body called the corpus luteum. Oestrogen levels decrease slightly as a result.
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Fibroids are benign tumours that grow in the muscular wall of the uterus. Ultrasound can be used to break up the tumour, in severe cases the tumours are removed surgically.
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Fertilisation is the fusion of a haploid sperm cell with a haploid egg cell to produce a diploid
zygote.
The fertile period of the menstrual cycle is the time at which the female is most likely to become
pregnant.
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A blastocyst is a fluid-filled sac containing an inner cell mass (ICM) that gives rise to the embryo.
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The inner cell mass continues to divide by
mitosis and cells are organised into three distinct germ layers:
mesoderm (musculoskeletal system, kidneys)
ectoderm (skin, nervous
system)
endoderm (liver, pancreas)
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Childbirth
1. Labour:
The pituitary secretes Oxytocin, which stimulates contractions of the uterus resulting in the amniotic sac bursting and amniotic fluid being released (AKA water breaking). These contractions cause the cervix to dilate.
2. Parturition:
Once the cervix is dilated enough the baby can pass out from the vagina. The umbilical cord is then clamped and cut.
3. Afterbirth:
The placenta passes from the uterus a few minutes afterbirth due to continued
contractions of the uterus
Lactation is the production and secretion of milk by the breasts of the female in response to the
hormone Prolactin.
Breastfeeding is the feeding of a baby/infant directly from the breast. Colostrums is secreted by the breasts after childbirth and is a very nutritious and concentrated form of milk that also contains antibodies to protect the baby from diseases in the first few days of life.
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Contraception is the intentional prevention of pregnancy by stopping fertilisation or implantation from occurring. There are natural, mechanical, chemical and surgical methods.
Infertility is the inability to contribute to conception. A couple are described as infertile if, after 12 months of contraceptive-free sexual intercourse, they have failed to conceive. Causes include endocrine gland failure, low sperm count in males and fallopian tube blockage in females
In vitro-fertilisation (IVF) is the process of fertilising an egg cell with a sperm cell outside the body, usually in a petri dish, to produce a diploid zygote that is then implanted back into the uterus.