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5.3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION - Coggle Diagram
5.3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
System Installation & Evaluation
5 steps in systems implementation:
– Prepare a separate operational and test
environment
– Provide training for users, managers, and IT
staff
– Perform data conversion and system
changeover
– Carry out post-implementation evaluation of
the system
– Present a final report to management
Operational & test environment
• The environment for the actual system operation
is called the operational environment or production environment.
The environment that analysts and programmers
use to develop and maintain programs is called the test environment.
4 Access to the operational environment is limited
to users and must strictly be controlled.
– Systems analysts and programmers should not
have access to the operational environment except to correct a system problem or to make
authorized modifications or enhancements.
– IT department members have no reason to access
the day-to-day operational system.
– Systems analysts and programmers should not
have access to the operational environment except to correct a system problem or to make
authorized modifications or enhancements.
– IT department members have no
reason to access the day-to-day operational system
Training
• No system can be successful without proper training, whether it involves software, hardware,
or manufacturing.
• A successful information system requires training
for users, managers, and IT staff members.
2 Training plan
– The three main groups for training are users,
managers, and IT staff
– You must determine how the company will
provide training
5 Training Tips
– Train people in groups, with separate training
programs for distinct groups
– Select the most effective place to conduct the
training
– Provide for learning by hearing, seeing, and doing
– Prepare effective training materials, including interactive tutorials
– Rely on previous trainees
Interactive Training
– Usually, a relationship exists between training
methods and costs
– Online training
• Should include step-by-step instructions
– Video tutorials
• You don’t have to be a professional video developer to create effective training tutorials
Data Conversion
During data conversion, existing data is loaded
into the new system.
• Depending on the system, data conversion can
be done before, during, or after the operational environment is complete.
• The old system might be capable of exporting
data in an acceptable format for the new system or in a standard format such as ASCII or ODBC
• You must ensure that all system control
measures are in place and operational to protect data from unauthorized access and to help
prevent erroneous input
System Changeover
• System changeover is the process of putting the
new information system online and retiring the old system
4 changeover methods :
3 direct cutover
Involves more risk than other changeover
methods
Companies often choose the direct cutover
method for implementing commercial software packages
Cyclical information systems usually are
converted using the direct cutover method at the beginning of a quarter, calendar year, or fiscal
year
4 parallel operation
Easier to verify that the new system is working
properly under parallel operation than under direct cutover
Running both systems might place a burden on
the operating environment and cause processing delay
Is not practical if the old and new systems are
incompatible technically
Also is inappropriate when the two systems
perform different functions
4 pilot operation
The group that uses the new system first is called
the pilot site
The old system continues to operate for the
entire organization
After the system proves successful at the pilot
site, it is implemented in the rest of the organization, usually using the direct cutover
method
Is a combination of parallel operation and direct
cutover methods
4 phased operation
You give a part of the system to all users
The risk of errors or failures is limited to the implemented module only
Is less expensive than full parallel operation
Is not possible, however, if the system cannot be
separated easily into logical modules or segments
2 Post-implementation task
Post-Implementation Evaluation
A post-implementation evaluation should
examine all aspects of the development effort and the end product — the developed
information system
Final Report to Management
Your report should include the following:
• Final versions of all system documentation
• Planned modifications and enhancements to the
system that have been identified
• Recap of all systems development costs and
schedules
• Comparison of actual costs and schedules to the
original estimates
• Post-implementation evaluation, if it has been
performed
System Implementation
Managing systems implementation involves
application development, testing, documentation, training, data conversion,
system changeover, and post-implementation evaluation of the results.
During systems implementation, the system
design specification serves as a blueprint for constructing the new system.
The initial task is application development, which
requires systems analysts and programmers to work together to construct the necessary
programs and code modules.