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Fundamentals of Spectroscopy - Coggle Diagram
Fundamentals of Spectroscopy
Units
Infra-red region, micrometer or micron where 1 micron = 1.0 x 10^-6 m
Visible and UV visible light, one nanometer = 1.0 x 10^-9
Microwave, in or mm
Wavelength is expressed in cm^-1
E = hv
v = Frequency of radiation
h = Planck's constant = 6.63 x 10^-34
E = Energy of Radiation
Characterization of Electromagnetic Radiation
Lamda = c/v,
v x lambda = c
c = c / lambda = c x molar volume
c
c = speed of light
c = 3.0 x 10^8 m/s
c = 3.0 x 10^10 cm/s
Intensity of Spectral Lines
Population
T is temperature in K
k is Boltzmann's Constant = 1.38 x 10^23 JK^-1
Nupper / Nlower = (-E/kT)
Transition Probability
Not all transitions are possible (allowed)
Gross Selection Rule
Determined by quantum mechanics
Specific Selection Rule
Define conditions for which transition dipole is zero
Amount of materials present give rise to the spectrum
log (I0/I0 = ecl = A (Ansorbance)
Beer-Lambert Law
I/I0 = 10^-ecl = Transmittance
Factors Affecting the Width of Special Lines
Doppler Broadening
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Collision Broadening
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
To decrease noise
Use narrower slit
Ensure the noise lesser than the signal
Wavelength
Height (Amplitude)
Measure of how intense the light is
The larger the amplitude, the brighter the light
from note to crest
Length (Wavelength)
Wave Speed
Frequency
Number of Waves= Number of Cycles
1Hz = 1s^-1