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outcome b, outcome c - Coggle Diagram
outcome b
burger:
to see if the presence of a disobedient “model” makes a difference to obedience levels and to see if personality variables like empathy and focus of control influence obedience.
Burger points out that those that did rebel against authority dropped out by 150v. Those that were still obedient after 150v all went on to 450v.
Burger found that 70% of participants in the baseline condition were prepared to go past 150V.
method: 70 participants (a mixture of men and women) aged 20 to 81 took part in the experiment, randomly put into the two conditions.
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They were paid $50 before the study started. They were told 3 times they could withdraw at any time and keep the $50.
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At the end of the experiment the ‘learner’ entered the room straight away so that the participant new the confederate was ok.
hofling:
Hofling created a more realistic study of obedience than Milgram’s by carrying out field studies on nurses who were unaware that they were involved in an experiment.
Dr. Smith (the researcher) phones the nurses at a psychiatric hospital (on night duty) and asks them to check the medicine cabinet to see if they have the drug astroten.
When the nurse checks she can see that the maximum dosage is supposed to be 10mg. When they spoke with the ‘Doctor’, they were told to administer 20mg of the drug to a patient called ‘Mr. Jones’. Dr. Smith was in a desperate hurry and he would sign the authorization form when he came to see Mr. Jones later on. The phone called ended when the nurse either obeyed the doctor's order; resisted the order; went to get advice; became upset; could not find the medication; or if the call lasted longer than 10 minutes. In the experimental group 21 out of 22 (95%) nurses obeyed the doctor's orders and were about to administer the medication to the patient when a hidden observer stopped them.
obedience and compliance:
Conscious obedience is where you are fully aware that you are following orders
Unconscious obedience is where you have been obedient so many times that you no longer realise you are doing it
factors that affect obedience are reward, fear, respect and influence.
compliance is the act of doing what you have been asked to do, a type of social influence where an individual does what someone else wants them to do, following his or her request or suggestion.
milgram:
Participants were led to believe that the experiment was investigating the effects of punishment on memory. There were 3 people in the experiment: The authority figure The teacher (real participant) and The learner.
The “learner” (Mr. Wallace) was strapped to a chair with electrodes. After he has learned a list of word pairs given him to learn, the "teacher" tests him by naming a word and asking the learner to recall its partner/pair from a list of four possible choices.
The teacher is told to administer an electric shock every time the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time. There were 30 switches on the shock generator marked from 15 volts (slight shock) to 450 (danger – severe shock).
65% (two-thirds) of participants (i.e., teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts.
role of obedience:
Discipline helps people get on with the task set/job as discipline is mainly about being motivated and determined to do the best possible.
In the public services obedience of rules and regulations are used to strengthen the services; for example threatening to give punishments out, which creates fear.
This is used so all the public sectors know how to behave in the right manner. Rules and regulations are set so that the people in the services don’t step out of line and do their job with profession.
impact of behaviour:
An intrinsic reward is an intangible award of recognition, a sense of achievement, or a conscious satisfaction. An extrinsic reward is an award that is tangible or physically given to you for accomplishing something. It is a tangible recognition of ones endeavour.
Whistleblowing is the term used when a worker passes on information concerning wrongdoing. although whistle blowing does good it can cause Feelings of guilt and distress for whistle blower, a breakdown of trust between colleagues and hostile behaviour between people of the same team.
outcome c
zimbardo: Zimbardo and his colleagues (1973) were interested in finding out whether the brutality reported among guards in American prisons was due to the sadistic personalities of the guards (i.e., dispositional) or had more to do with the prison environment. 24 men judged to be the most physically & mentally stable, the most mature, & the least involved in antisocial behaviors were chosen to participate. The participants did not know each other prior to the study and were paid $15 per day to take part in the experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to either the role of prisoner or guard in a simulated prison environment. There were two reserves, and one dropped out, finally leaving ten prisoners and 11 guards.
Prisoners were treated like every other criminal, being arrested at their own homes, without warning, and taken to the local police station. They were fingerprinted, photographed and ‘booked.’
Then they were blindfolded and driven to the psychology department of Stanford University, where Zimbardo had had the basement set out as a prison, with barred doors and windows, bare walls and small cells. Here the deindividuation process began.
When the prisoners arrived at the prison they were stripped naked, deloused, had all their personal possessions removed and locked away, and were given prison clothes and bedding. They were issued a uniform, and referred to by their number only.
Deindividuation may explain the behavior of the participants; especially the guards. This is a state when you become so immersed in the norms of the group that you lose your sense of identity and personal responsibility.
The guards may have been so sadistic because they did not feel what happened was down to them personally – it was a group norm. The also may have lost their sense of personal identity because of the uniform they wore.
conformity: To act or behave in accordance with established practice.
Roles are influential within society in guiding our behaviour. Roles mean that people behave in predictable ways and all social roles consist of expected behaviours, norms and duties that individuals perform.
We are socialised to want to belong to groups an sometimes we will change our behaviour to fit in with a group
Self-esteem comes from the way we are seen to comply or conform with, norms. in today's society we are guided by comments such as “well done that was really good” or “that was good but if you do this instead”. If you lack self-confidence you may act out of character in order to gain the respect of others.
Conformity means to be accepted. Every member of the uniformed protective services wants to feel accepted and that they belong to
a team of professionals, otherwise they would not have wanted to join that particular service.
normative: This theory claims that we conform because we have a fundamental need to be accepted by others, and we may only be accepted by making a good impression.
informational: This theory says that we have a basic need to weigh up information and opinions, but when we are in a strange environment we are susceptible because we don’t have the information that makes us feel
comfortable and in control.
Asch conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform.
Using a line judgment task, Asch put a naive participant in a room with seven confederates/stooges. The confederates had agreed in advance what their responses would be when presented with the line task.
The real participant did not know this and was led to believe that the other seven confederates/stooges were also real participants like themselves.
Each person in the room had to state aloud which comparison line (A, B or C) was most like the target line. The answer was always obvious. The real participant sat at the end of the row and gave his or her answer last.
There were 18 trials in total, and the confederates gave the wrong answer on 12 trails (called the critical trials). Asch was interested to see if the real participant would conform to the majority view.
operant conditioning also known as instrumental conditioning, is a method of learning normally attributed to B.F. Skinner, where the consequences of a response determine the probability of it being repeated. Through operant conditioning behavior which is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behavior which is punished will occur less frequently.
Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.