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Biology - Coggle Diagram
Biology
Topic 7: Diseases
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Pathogens may infect plants or animals and can be spread by direct contact, water or air.
Bacteria reproduce rapidly inside the body and may produce poisons (toxins) that damage tissues and make us feel ill.
Viruses reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage. (Viruses are not living and are not made of cells).
Communicable diseases:
Measles are a viral disease. It can spread to others through coughing and sneezing. high fever, cough, runny nose, and watery eyes and a rash. There is a vaccine for it.
Hiv is a viral disease. It is a sexualy transmited disease, the symptoms are a fever, chills, rash and sweating, there is currently no treatment just monitoring.
Malaria is a protist disease. It is gained from a mosquito(). fever and flu-like illness, including shaking chills, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness. Malaria can be cured with prescription drugs.
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Rose Black Spot, fungi, sterile, isolation
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Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen. They can therefore target a specific chemical or type of cell within the body.
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New medical drugs have to be tested and trialled before being used to check toxicity, efficacy and dose.
Preclinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals.
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Topic 8 : Cell Division
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Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle. During the cell cycle the genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells
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Interphase: Before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.
Mitosis: In mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.
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As cells change, they develop different subcellular structures and turn into different type of cells. This allows them to carry out specific functions
Most differentiation occurs as an organism develops. In most animal cells, the ability to differentiate is then lost at an early stage, after they become specialised. However, lots of plant cells don't ever lose this ability
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Nerve cells
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These cells are long and have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerves cells and form a network through the body
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Root hair cells
The root hair cells are cells on the surface of plant roots, which grow into long hairs that stick out of the soil
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Phloem and Xylem cells
Phloem and xylem cells form phloem and xylem tubes which transport substances such as food and water around plants
To form the tubes, the cells are long and joined end to end
Xylem cells are hollow in the centre and have very few subcellular structures, so that stuff can flow through them
Meristem tissue in plants can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant
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Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers
In therapeutic cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient. Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient’s body so they may be used for medical treatment
The use of stem cells has potential risks such as transfer of viral infection, and some people have ethical or religious objections
Topic 5: Plants
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epidermal tissues: Cover the whole plant. The epidermal tissues are covered with a waxy cuticle, which helps to reduce water loss by evaporation.
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spongy mesophyll: this is also in the leaf, and contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells
xylem and phloem: The xylem and phloem form a network of vascular bundles, which deliver water and other nutrients to the entire leaf and take away the glucose produced by photosynthesis. They also help support the structure.
meristem tissue found at the growing tips of shoots and roots: this is found at the growing tips of shoots and roots, and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell, allowing the plant to grow.
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xylem and phloem, transport things like water mineral irons and food around the plant.
guard cells surrounding stomata let co2 directly diffuse into the plant, and guard cells that open and close in response to environmental conditions.
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Describe photosynthesis as an endothermic reaction in which energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light.
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used to produce cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall
used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis. To produce proteins, plants also use nitrate ions that are absorbed from the soil.
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Explain how the structure of root hair cells and xylem are adapted to their functions.
Root hair cells are adapted to increase surface area for the efficient uptake of water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport. Xylem transports water/mineral ions from roots to stems and leaves. It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for transport of water in the transpiration stream
Translocation: Explain how phloem is adapted for its function.
Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage. Phloem is composed of tubes of elongated cells. Cell sap can move from one phloem cell to the next through pores in the end walls (sieve plates).
Transpiration
Transpiration is caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface. Most transpiration happens at the leaves.
This evaporation creates a slight shortage in the leaf, and so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels to replace it
This in turn means more water is drawn up from the roots, and so there's a constant transpiration stream of water through the plant
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Topic 6: Heart and CHD
The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. (Heart to lungs to heart; heart to rest of body to heart)
Identify the right ventricle on a diagram of the heart (pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place).
Identify the left ventricle on a diagram of the heart (thicker wall with more muscle to generate a higher pressure to pump blood a longer distance to the rest of the body).
Identify the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and coronary arteries on a diagram of the heart.
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The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker.
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The veins carry blood away from the organs and to your heart. The blood is usually low in oxygen and therefore a deep red colour. They have much thinner walls than arteries and often have valves to stop the backflow of blood. The blood is squeezed back towards the heart by the action of the skeletal muscles
Throughout the body capillaries form a huge network of tiny vessels linking the arteries and veins. Capillaries are narrow(1cell) and with very thin walls. This enables substances to easily diffuse.
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Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended
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In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them, reducing the flow of blood and resulting in a lack of oxygen to the heart cells.
Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open. Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slow down the rate of fatty material deposit.
Heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening or closing fully. Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves
In the case of heart failure a donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted. Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery
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Topic 2: Respiration
Describe cellular respiration as an exothermic reaction (transfers energy to the environment) which is continuously occurring in living cells.
The energy transferred supplies all the energy needed for living processes.
Respiration in cells can take place aerobically (using oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen) to transfer energy
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Aerobic respiration is represented by the equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy release
Recognise the chemical symbols: C6H12O6, CO2, O2 and H2O
Respiration in cells can take place anaerobically (without oxygen).
Anaerobic respiration in muscles is represented by the equation
Glucose → lactic acid.
As the oxidation of glucose is incomplete in anaerobic respiration much less energy is transferred than in aerobic respiration..
Anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells is represented by the equation:
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy release
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation and has economic importance in the manufacture of bread and alcoholic drinks.
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