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Miscellaneous eye condition - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Salus’s sign: Deflection of retinal vein as it crosses the arteriole.
      - Gunn’s sign: Tapering of the retinal vein on either side of the AV crossing.
      - Bonnet’s sign: Banking of the retinal vein distal to the AV crossing
    - - Retinal hemorrhages:
      - Dot-blot hemorrhages: Bleeding in the inner retinal layer
      - Flame shaped hemorrhage: Bleeding is in the superficial retinal layer
  - - - Mild hypertensive retinopathy:
        The treatment consists of controlling of BP with regular monitoring.
      - Moderate hypertensive retinopathy:
        Referral to a physician is essential to exclude other associated factors like diabetes mellitus and to check for any cardiovascular abnormalities. Routine care including BP control and monitoring is a must.
      - Severe hypertensive retinopathy:
        Requires urgent treatment and referral as it has the strongest association with mortality. Other systems such as renal, cardiovascular, and brain should be monitored for signs of TOD
- - - - Preretinal hemorrhages:
        Appear as pockets of blood within the potential space between the retina and the posterior hyaloid face; as blood pools within this space, the hemorrhages may appear boat shaped
      - Hemorrhage into the vitreous:
        May appear as a diffuse haze or as clumps of blood clots within the gel
      - Fibrovascular tissue proliferation:
        Usually seen associated with the neovascular complex; may appear avascular when the vessels have already regressed
      - Traction retinal detachments: Usually appear tented up, immobile, and concave
  - - - Triamcinolone: Administered intravitreally;
        Corticosteroid used in the treatment of diabetic macular edema
      - Bevacizumab: Administered intravitreally; monoclonal antibody that can help to reduce diabetic macular edema and neovascularization of the disc or retina
      - Ranibizumab: Administered intravitreally;
        Monoclonal antibody that can help to reduce diabetic macular edema and neovascularization of the disc or retina
- - - - Aldose reductase inhibitors
        are aimed to block the metabolic pathways of glucose responsible for diabetic vascular dysfunction
      - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
        The first indication regarding the probable use of NSAIDs as prophylactic anticataract agents came from studies on aspirin use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes
      - Agents acting on glutathione
        to deactivate and render excess free radicals and keep them harmless.
      - Vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and herbal drugs
        The important role of vitamins in preventing cataract is well recommended, especially vitamin C or ascorbic acid which plays an important part in lens biology, both as an antioxidant and as a UV filter.
- - - - Gestational age at birth, especially if younger than 32 weeks' gestation
      - Birth weight of less than 1,5 kg, especially less than 1,25 kg
      - Other possible risk factors (eg, supplemental oxygen, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, concurrent illness)
  - - - Low birth weight (just under 3 pounds or less).
      - How early a baby is born. A premature baby born at 28 weeks has a greater risk of having ROP than a premature baby born at 32 weeks.