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Disorders of the impaired cerebral circulation - Coggle Diagram
Disorders of the impaired cerebral circulation
cerebral edema.
Causes:
Stroke
Infection
Injury
Clinical manifestations: memory loss
difficulty speaking
incontinence
change in consciousness
Pathophysiology: Damaged cells swell, injured blood vessels leak and blocked absorption pathways force fluid to enter brain tissues.
Management: anti inflammatory drugs, osmotherapy
Definition: also known as brain swelling. It's a life-threatening condition that causes fluid to develop in the brain.
Health education
Avoid smoking
Quit alcohol
Wear head protective gear
INTRODUCTION: Cerebral edema is excess accumulation of fluid (edema) in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain. This typically causes impaired nerve function, increased pressure within the skull, and can eventually lead to direct compression of brain tissue and blood vessels.
Diagnostics: CT scan, physical examination
Nursing care plan
Hypertonic saline
Mannitol
Administer diuretics
Conclusion: It can sometimes be treated with medication and rest. Brain swelling can be very difficult to treat. It can also cause irreversible damage. The swelling can occur throughout the brain or in certain areas.
References: Wang, W., Chen, W., Zhang, Y., Su, Y. and Wang, Y., 2021. Post‐traumatic cerebral fat embolism syndrome with a favourable outcome: a case report. BMC neurology, 21(1), pp.1-5.
cerebral hypoxia.
Pathophysiology: Brain cells are extremely sensitive to oxygen deprivation and can begin to die within five minutes after oxygen supply has been cut off. When hypoxia lasts for longer periods of time, it can cause coma, seizures, and even brain death.
Introduction: Cerebral hypoxia occurs when there is not enough oxygen getting to the brain. The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function. Cerebral hypoxia affects the largest parts of the brain, called the cerebral hemispheres.
Management: Breathing assistance (mechanical ventilation) and oxygen. Controlling the heart rate and rhythm. Fluids, blood products, or medicines to raise blood pressure if it is low.
Nursing care plan
mechanical ventilation and oxygen.
Controlling the heart rate and rhythm.
medicines to raise blood pressure if it is low.
General anesthetics to calm seizures.
Clinical manifestations
temporary memory loss.
reduced ability to move your body.
difficulty paying attention.
Causes
Choking or suffocation.
Drowning.
Electrocution.
Definition: Cerebral hypoxia is a form of hypoxia (reduced supply of oxygen), specifically involving the brain; when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen, it is called cerebral anoxia.
Diagnostics
Angiogram
Physical examination
Health education
Deep breathing exercises.
Mild exercise such as walking or yoga.
Eating a healthy diet.
Drinking plenty of water.
Quitting smoking.
Conclusion: full recovery from severe anoxic or hypoxic brain injury is rare, but many patients with mild anoxic or hypoxic brain injuries are capable of making a full or partial recovery.
References:Hartung, G., Badr, S., Moeini, M., Lesage, F., Kleinfeld, D., Alaraj, A. and Linninger, A., 2021. Voxelized simulation of cerebral oxygen perfusion elucidates hypoxia in aged mouse cortex. PLoS computational biology, 17(1), p.e1008584.
Stroke
Causes
have overweight or obesity
are 55 years of age or older
have a personal or family history of stroke
Diabetes
Clinical manifestations
Numbness of the extremities
Difficulty in walking
Headache
Confusion
Health education
maintaining a moderate weight
exercising regularly
not smoking tobacco
avoiding alcohol
Diagnostics:
Blood tests
CT and MRI scan
Physical examination
Cerebral angiogram
Introduction: a stoke is divided into 3 main types. The ischemic, hemorrhagic and TIA. When a person experiences stroke they need emergency medical attention
Conclusion: damaged brain cells are not beyond repair. They can regenerate this process of creating new cells is called neurogenesis. The most rapid recovery usually occurs during the first three to four months after a stroke.
Definition: A stroke occurs when a blockage or bleed of the blood vessels either interrupts or reduces the supply of blood to the brain.
Management
Put patient in semi Fowler's position
Administration of oxygen
Thrombolytic Therapy.
Stabilization of Airway and Breathing.
Blood Glucose Control.
References
Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2006). Handbook of nursing diagnosis. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Lewis, S. M., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., Bucher, L., & Harding, M. (2017). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems.
Nursing care plan
Blood thinners
Oxygen therapy
Iv fluids
Bedrest
Pathophysiology: Ischemic stroke is caused by deficient blood and oxygen supply to the brain, hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bleeding or leaky blood vessels.
cerebral hemorrhage.
Pathophysiology: Blood from an intracerebral hemorrhage accumulates as a mass that can dissect through and compress adjacent brain tissues, causing neuronal dysfunction.
Management
Blood thinning medication
Transfusion of blood
Craniotomy
Introduction: Bleeding in the brain (also called a brain hemorrhage or brain bleed) can happen because of an accident, brain tumor, stroke, or high blood pressure caused by congenital or other health conditions. Brain bleed can reduce oxygen delivery to the brain, create extra pressure in the brain and kill brain cells.
Conclusion: Many patients who have experienced a brain hemorrhage do survive. If a patient survives the initial event of an intracranial hemorrhage, recovery may take many months.
Nursing care plan
Fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K.
Bedrest
Antiseizure agents.
Analgesic agents.
Improve cerebral tissue perfusion.
Relief of sensory and perceptual deprivation.
Relief of anxiety.
Absence of complications.
References
Harrogate, S., Mortimer, A., Burrows, L., Fiddes, B., Thomas, I. and Rice, C.M., 2021. Non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in COVID-19. Neuroradiology, 63(1), pp.149-152.
Ohta, M., 2021. Causality assessment between reported fatal cerebral haemorrhage and suspected drugs: developing a new algorithm based on the analysis of the Japanese Adverse Event Report (JADER) database and literature review. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, pp.1-10.
Definition: A brain hemorrhage is bleeding in or around the brain.
Diagnostics
CT scan or MRI.
Cerebral angiography.
Clinical manifestations
Sudden seizures
Blurry vision
Speech problems
Headache
Causes
Trauma
abnormally weak or dilated blood vessels that leak
Drugs abuse
Hypertension
Health education
Control of hypertension
Stroke risk screenings.