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Conflicts Over Natural Resources and the Environment: Economics and…
Conflicts Over Natural Resources and the
Environment: Economics and Security
Economic contributions to conflicts arising from the use of natural resources
and the environment
Conflicts
within countries are far more common than conflicts between countries.
EXAMPLE OF CONFLICTS
Over the control of resources
The striking feature in most instances
Inequality in the redistribution of wealth
EXAMPLE OF WARS
Vietnam war
Conflict between China and India and China and Taiwan
War between the two Koreas
Invasion of Tibet by
China
Solution that can be taken :explode:
politics of regional cooperation
Association of Southeast Asian nations (ASEAN) is a good starting point as the ASEAN declaration.
All countries in Southeast Asia are members of ASEAN
organization could address disputes tensions that arise more effectively than international organizations such as the United
Nations
Law of the Non-Navigational uses of International Watercourses (DOC A/51869, 11 April 1997) countries could utilize rivers, lakes and similar resources in an equitable and reasonable manner (Haftendorn, 2000)
1992 Convention on the Protection and use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (the Helsinki Convention) to resolve disputes.
International Court of Justice
Asia Pacific Economic Corporation (APEC)
Economic Ecentives
all countries in the region either have large or sophisticated military forces and their military expenditures are high (cf. The World Factbook, 2002).
act a disincentive for countries to engage
The presence of superpowers and their military assistance may also preempt military conflicts.
multilateral economic and political arrangements
appropriate devolution structures may help restore some degree of security in the region
Intra-country conflicts : :star:
Aceh’s relationship with the Indonesian government
High unemployment and low economic growth can also contribute to armed conflict and terrorism.
increased armed conflict and violence
Weakening the economic systems and destabilizing other provinces in Indonesia and has implications for neighbouring countries.
Revenue for the Indonesian economy could turn violent if resources are not more equally distributed by the central government.
The existence of a large population of diverse ethnic groups in one country and its neighbours could result in conflicts and terrorism over control of resource and use
Natural resources could be the dominant or significant factor in such disputes/complex
Conflict of mechanized mining activities in Philippines
1) Large-scale mechanized mining activities because often make open cut mines have affected the small-scale manual of the natural resources (gold, copper & other mineral mining)
2) led to political unrest & conflict because of the large scale mechanized mining that affect livelihoods indigenous people & destroyed natural environments and their traditional lands.
3) Solutions taken by the Philippines government
The legislation has created large mining opportunities for open cut bauxite mining to multinational companies.
4) Dissatisfaction of local owners in sharing of natural resources and struggle of terrorist / separatist organization in some countries.
In Indonesia
The illegal logging is highly organized crime - make logging practices unstainable, cause the forest fires and create serious air pollution.
The timber merchants run mafia to make the operations against the indigenous people that involve with threats and violence (kidnapping, bribery and etc)
The logging in Indonesia is illegal and run by highly organized by timber mafias which have a good political connections to ruling parties.
Natural resources of various forms have been used to finance brutal regimes.
Example: Pol Pot's Khemer Rouge known have done lucrative timber and gem deals with corrupt Thai military officials in order to finance their regime.
Drugs
Southeast Asia one of the major producers of opium poppy in the world.
Southest Asia are mainly in parts highland Burma, Laos & lesser extent in Vietnam, Thailand and China which 'Golden Triangle' some of these countries.
violence and drug operations but not same with Columbia and Peru where separatist / terrorist groups impose taxes on illicit drug producers to finance their operations and violence used by illicit drug operators
drug-money laundering centers
The security of a nation or a region could affected due to environmental degradation.
Land degradation and ecological marginalization led to conflicts in the Southeast Asian region. Example: the relative deprivation of landless of agricultural labourers and poor farmers displaced into remote hills when tried to living from the failing land..
The natural resources of a country and the other causes can lead to arguments of provinces to break away from the centre.
Indonesia was based in the projected oil and gas reserves in the Timor sea
tense relationship between Australia and Indonesia
no doubt play in important role but danger of over reliance especially if the oil and gas was found less than originally estimated
Falling the revenue and low economic growth and unemployment could create unrest in the country.
Could force people to move to parts of Indonesia for employment or as refugees.
Could lead to border tensions between two countries.
Inter-Country Conflicts :explode:
Control and use of water resources in the region
Sharing of the Mekong river for agriculture, tourism, hydroelectricity, transport and freshwater fisheries
Excessive use of water by one or more nations could trigger major conflict at downstream
Ex: Thailand drawing excessive water during dry season
Water conflict
Between Singapore and Malaysia
Singapore depends on Malaysia for half of its water needs
Reduce water supply has potential to slow down Singapore's economic growth and possible to disrupt the friendly relations
Sharing transboundary resources
Many countries engage in traditional fishing and also an important economic activities where government provided incentives
Many parts are over-fishing except South China Sea
Resulting many countries compete for fish stocks where often straying into neighbouring's countries territotrial waters
Sharing common borders
Close proximity of many countries in the region sharing common borders
Russia dump low-level nuclear at the Sea of Japan
Bring concerns to Japan and South Korea
May affect health of people, pollute valuable fisheries resources, affect recreational use of the sea
Conflicts from disagreement over property rights
Territorial area in the South China Sea
Some parts of region overlap each other
Many benefits to be gain from thaat area including rich resources, strategically lane for commercial ships, security of big trading and maritime power
Air pollution
Another major issues affecting neighbouring countries
Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 was responsible for the regions worst smoke haze
Affected Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and Southern Thailand
Economic damage to affected regions was estimated to be very high
Sulfur dioxide depositions in Japan to a lesser extent from South Korea are believed to originate from China
Larger region are more domainant
Weaker countries depend on larger countries for economic survival
Conflicts between larger and smaller regions as well between smaller regions too
China will probably play its dominant role in economic over potential oil and gas discoveris
Group members
1)SITI ZULAIKA BT SHAMSUL NORAZMAN (2018265278)
2)AS NOOR AFIQAH BINTI NOOR AZLI (2018663946)
3)NURHANANI BINTI IZUDIN SHAH (2018224494)
4)AZRA FARISHA BINTI ZAINAL (2018200494)
5)FARRA WAHEEDA BINTI MOHD RASDI (2018263532)