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Natural Hazards, Too much rainfall can cause flooding, which can damage…

- - - - Earthquakes are measured in magnitude which goes up by 10 each time so a magnitude 2 earthquake is 10 times larger than a magnitude 1 earthquake
    - - Conservative margins
        
        Tension builds up when plates that are grinding past each other get stuck
        
        The plates eventually jerk past each other, sending out shock waves. These vibrations are earthquakes.
      - Constructive margins
        
        Tension builds along cracks in the plates as they move away from each other
      - Destructive margins
    - - Haiti (LIC) (2010)
        
        Secondary impacts
        
        Thousands of bodies left to decompose on the streets
        
        Violence and looting
        
        1.5 million made homeless
        
        Cholera epidemic due to contaminated water supplies
        
        Primary impacts
        
        Key infrastructure damaged
        
        Main prison destroyed
        
        1 in 3 buildings collapsed
        
        316,000 died
        
        300,000 injured
        
        Immediate responses
        
        Long term responses
      - Christchurch (HIC) (2011)
        
        Secondary impacts
        
        Government declared a state of national emergency which lasted until 30 april 2011
        
        Schools closed for two weeks
        
        Businesses were close for a long time
        
        Total cost was $11 million
        
        Primary impacts
        
        100,000 buildings destroyed
        
        185 people dead
        
        3000 people injured
        
        Cathedrals spire was lost
        
        50% of christchurch buildings severely damaged
        
        effects
        
        Land that was damaged by liquefaction cannot be
        built on again
        
        Electricity was restored to 80% of household within five days, and to 95% of households within two weeks
        
        Liquefaction occurred, when the ground shakes and
        causes water (and often mud) to rise to the surface
        
        main facts
        
        The government declared a national state of emergency which remained in place until 30 April 2011
        
        An earthquake struck New Zealand’s south
        island on 22 February 2011 at 12.51pm
        
        The epicentre was 10 km away from Christchurch, which is the second highest populated city in New Zealand
        
        Responses
        
        Satellite imagery was used to co-ordinate the recovery of New Zealand
        
        Search and rescue teams came from New Zealand, Australia, UK, USA, Japan, Taiwan, China and Singapore
        
        location
        
        New Zealand is in the Southern Hemisphere and is an island off the south east coast of Australia.
- - - - It was caused by a change to the polar jet stream which drawed cold air from the east to the UK
    - - On the 25th of January, 2018 the UK was hit by a giant cold wave of low temperatures and heavy snowfalls.
    - - A man died as he fell in a frozen lake
      - Huge amounts of snow where dropped on the East coast of the UK and in the Scottish Borders
      - Gusts of 60-70mph in parts of northern England and Wales.
      - Many coastlines were also issued with flood warnings
    - - British Airways cancelled hundreds of short-haul flights from Heathrow, and London City Airport also cancelled many services.
      - Hospitals in Glasgow, Grimsby, Scunthorpe and Goole cancelled all outpatient appointments
      - Thousands of schools, shops, universities, roads and other buildings closed down across the country
      - Hundreds of people were trapped in their vehicles for hours, on the A31
      - The weather cost the UK millions. The AA estimated that there were 8,260 collisions on Britain’s roads from the snow chaos in just three days
    - - Rail passengers were warned to avoid travelling to or from Scotland on Thursday while in Kent 50 stations closed.
      - Public Health England (PHE) urged people to plan ahead to ensure they have enough food and medicine.
      - The Met Office issued "red Warnings" for several areas, including the belt between Edinburgh and Glasgow
      - Drivers of a Greggs Delivery van, stuck on the A1 near Newcastle, gave out free food to stranded drivers
      - Councils had to send out gritters and snow ploughs to clear the roads
      - The Army were called in to help people when Storm Emma hit
      - Stranded drivers were given foil blankets
  - - - Strong Winds can cause damage to properties and disrupt transport.
      - Uprooted trees and debris can injure or kill people
      - In 2018, strom Ali killed two people when 100 mph winds blew over several trees
    - - Snow and Ice can cause injuries due to slipping and deaths due to the cold
      - School and Businesses can be forced to shut, and disruption to travel can have economic impacts