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Genetic Modification of sex cells and embryos - Coggle Diagram
Genetic Modification of sex cells and embryos
Genetic modification
basic principles
identification
extraction
cloning
modification
transformatiom
breeding
introduction of normal gene
into an individual's genome
repair mutation -> disease
nucleus of mutant gene
technique = experimental
copying errors
gene inserted into wrong site
new mutations arise
designer babies
#
genetic makeup been altered
provide desired genome
stem cells
cells not differentiated yet
potential to develop
many different types
germline editing
affects all cells in organism
permanent harm
passed onto future generations
alters genome of embryo
at earliest stages
already framed as
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
somatic editing
affects only patient treated
modify patient's DNA
cure/treat genetic disease
cause by mutation
used to cure diseases
Regulation
Why it needs it
science abide by regulatory statutes
authorities concerned
technology will be abused
create designer babies
some countries
less oversight
create babies before its ready
need worldwide oversight
safety + human rights upheld
ethical issues
international guidelines needed
countries can implement own laws
codes of conduct created
criticism of embryonic modification
Aus. regulation
Embryo Research Licensing Committee
prohibits
human genetic cloning
associated technologies
strong penalties for non-compliance
large fines
prohibit further medical research
established under
Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002
control databases, licenses
Medical Technology Association of Australia
works with Federal Government
oversees processes
development of medical technologies
compliance with international standards
International Society of Stem Cell Research
current international standards
code of conduct
rules/obligation
all phases human embryonic
stem cell research
ethical, efficacy, safety principles
country's responsibility
ensure guidelines adhered to
Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002 (Cth)
#
prohibits
intentional use of excess ART embryo
unless exempt use
use of other embryos
person intenionally uses and
embryo is human/hybrid embryo
created using precurser cells
other than fertilisation human egg + sperm
certain activities involving human eggs
person undertaking research not licensed
research/training
involving fertilisation
up to 1st mitotic division
outside women's body
use of not a ART embryo
intentionally uses human embryo
outside women's body
not related to ART
need license to use embryo
Prohibition of Human Cloning for Reproduction Act 2002 (Cth)
makes altering genomes
of embryonic cells
illegal
15yrs imprisonment
prohibits
any form of germline genetic modification
S13
creation of human embryo
outside women's body
genetic material >3 people
S20
placing S13 embryo into women
S15
alteration of genome of human cell
alteration is heritable
allows research
using human embryos if
embryos never implanted into women
destroyed within 14 days of development
embryos created via IVF
no longer needed
consent from parents of embryo
Office of the Gene Technology (OGTR)
previous CRISPR regulations
governed by same rules
conventional genetic modification
in 2019 new regulation
CRISPR approved for
plants, animals, human cell lines
condition: no new genetic material created
Case Study
He Jiankui
#
#
1st birth of twins with edited genomes
Nana & Lulu
edited by CRISPR-Cas9
making them resistant to HIV
disabled CCR5 gene
makes them more vulnerable
other diseases
criticism
unethical
permanent, heritable changes
genes of embryo
intent to establish pregnancy
unconsionable
monstrous
universally agreed
technology too young
for reproductive use
breach of guidelines
Ethical Guiding Principles on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Guidelines on Human Assisted Reproductive Technologies
occured in China
no national legislation
Nov. 2018
responses
removal of He's affiliations
March 2019 - WHO
developed committee
global standards
governance of human genome editing
clinical applications of genome editing
should not occur
What happened to He
criminally charged
280,000 yuan
3-10yrs imprisonment
practicing medicine illegally
removal of affiliations
fired from university
scientists concerned
public scrutiny affecting the field
people did not speak up
thought they had dissuaded He
respect request for confidentiality
did not know how to report
UK study - understand early development
investigate gene
associated with development of embryos
using CRISPR
OCT4
purpose
improve IVF success rates
as 1/3 embryos form into baby
allowed to be undertaken in UK
UK's Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
how it worked
turned of OCT4 gene
embryo failed to develop
Social and ethical issues
stem cell research
destruction of viable embryo
when removing stem cells
can gain valuable scientific understanding
ethical
society concerned over safety
human should not play 'God'
interfere with natural processes
embryo cannot consent
human rights exploited
others say
parents choose child life anyway
create world - reject non-perfect humans
who is determining the traits
good or bad
economic disparity
wealthy people have access
who regulates genetic modification?
used for non-medical purposes
certain religions may be against it
safety
any harm created
passed onto future generations
risks in clinical trials
1999 Jesse Gelsinger died
after gene therapy
2000 study France
11 patients treated successfully
2 developed leukaemia like disease
may suffer immune response
from viral vectors
entering uncharted terriorty
unforeseen consequences
wrong edits may occur
controversy area
genetic modification/selection
research on embryonic tissue
experimentation on humans
germline editing
passed onto future generations
designer babies
benefits
healthy children
less genetic disease
better chance to succeed
increase in life span
limitations
increased terminated embryos
decrease variety in gene pool
children not have option
loss of individuality
may lead to new diseases
available to only the rich
societal inequalities
laws would need to change
Technologies
CRISPR-Cas9
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
how it works
Cas9 enzyme
pair of 'molecular scissors'
cut both strands of DNA
at specific location
after Cas9 cuts DNA
cell fixes the cut DNA
programmable
guide RNA
predesigned sequence
guide Cas9
to correct location
advantages
cheap
precise
cheaper
easier than other technologies
switch genes on and off
edit live cells
can be used
treat genetic diseases
fix mutations
Duchenne Muscular Dysrophy
currently - many technological issues
target DNA at specific site
in embryos/germline
irreversible changes
passed onto future generations
gene therapy
uses genes to
target areas of body
affected by disease
treat diseases
cancer
TALENs
Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases
enzymes designed
remove specfic parts
DNA strands