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Urban - Section 1 - World cities are increasing in size - Coggle Diagram
Urban - Section 1 - World cities are increasing in size
What is Urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
What is the pattern of urban growth across the world?
North America, South America, Oceania and Europe have the highest percentage of their population living in urban areas. Africa has the lowest percentage of their population living in urban areas. The majority of Asia has 50-74% of their population living in urban areas. The majority of Africa has 25-49% of its population living in urban areas. An anomaly is Portugal and Italy in Europe because they both have 50-74% of their population living in urban areas compared to 75-100% in other parts of Europe.
How are urban areas changing in HIC's, LIC's and NEE's?
GNI (Gross National Income)
- A measurement of economic activity that is calculated by dividing the gross national income by the size of the population. GNI takes into account not just the value of goods and services, but also the income earned from investments overseas.
HIC (High Income Country)
- A country with a GNI per capita higher than $12,746 (according to the World Bank 2013)
LIC (Low Income Country)
- A country with a GNI per capita lower than $1045 (according to the World Bank 2013)
NEE (Newly Emerging Economy)
- Countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic development, usually along with rapid industrialisation.
Over the last 100 years the percentage in urban population has increased by 40% from 30-70%. From 9150 to 2020 in HICs the % of urban population has increased gradually from 53-73%. In LICs the % of urban population has increased massively from 8% in 1950 to 35% today.
What factors effect the rate of urbanisation?
Rural to urban migration
Social
A range of entertainment facilities are available - 'the bright lights'
Minorities often face more political / religious persecution
Friends and family already live there and are earning money
Schools provide only very basic education
Higher standards of living can be enjoyed
Greater access to infrastructure such as electricity, clean water, internet etc
Public transport is move available and so it is easier to travel to work or school
More chance of getting a better education - attend a secondary school or university
Safer to practice religious or political activities
Farms are often divided up between children when the owner dies - each has too little to live on
A lack of hospitals, doctors and medicine
Economic
Farming is often subsistence (producing only enough for the family with little to sell)
More better paid jobs are available in factories or in services such as tourism
More investment by the government in providing improved housing
Farming is hard and poorly paid
Hope and opportunity for greater wealth and improvement in quality of life in the future
Increased use of farm machinery reduces the number of workers needed
Many families have to spend hours each day walking to collect water from river or lakes
There is a lack or money to invest in fertilisers / pesticides or machinery
Environmental
Drought and other hazards reduce crop yields
Natural hazards such as floods destroy villages and crops
Desertification and soil erosion make farming difficult
Places are isolated due to poor roads especially in mountainous areas
Pests such as locusts eat crops and cause diseases
Poor harvest may lead to malnutrition and famine. Other diseases such as malaria are more prevalent
Natural increase of population
Birth rate - the number of births in a year per 1000 of the total population
Death rate - the number of deaths per year per 1000 of the total population
Natural increase in population = Birth rate - Death rate
What are megacities and where are they found?
Megacity - A mega city is an urban area with a total population of more than 10 million people
Urban growth - The increase in the size of the built up area of a town or city
Urban sprawl - The unplanned growth of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
