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B2: Organisation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Hydrochloric acid is optimum pH
  - - - pancreas
  - - - Has a optimum pH
      - Activity drops to 0 if it is too acidic or too alkaline as the active site denatures
    - - At low temperature less activity due to less collisions
      - Highest activity when at optimum temperature (typically 37C)
      - At high temperautes the enxyme is denatured
        
        Active site is changed and is no longer complementary to substrate
    - - Method
        
        Place one drop of iodine solution into each well on a spotting tile
        
        Three test tubes: one with starch solution, another with amylase solution and another with pH 5 buffer solution
        
        Heat these in a water bath at 30C, leave for 10 minutes
        
        Combine solution and stir, return back to water bath and being stopwatch
        
        After 30s, use stirring rod to transfer one drop of solution to a well on spotting tile
        
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- - - - Blood then passes from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary artery
    - - Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the body in the aorta
  - - - Ventricles then contract and force blood out of the heart
- - - - Negative: stay cloudy blue
        
        Positive: lilac
  - - - Negative: Stay Orange
        
        Black/blue
  - - - add three drops of Sudan (III)
        
        Negative: orange
        
        Positive: red oily layer on surface
  - - - Add ethanol and water and shake
        
        Negative: clear
        
        Positive: cloudy white emulsion
  - - - place into hot water bath and leave for approx. five mins
        
        None: stays blue
        
        Very Low amount: green
        
        Low amount: Yellow
        
        Medium: brown/orange
        
        High: brick red
- - - - This reduces the flow of blood; lack of oxygen in the heart muscle
      - Statins reduce the level of cholesterol
        
        Proven to reduce the risk
        
        can cause liver problems
      - stent
        
        tube inserted into the coronary arteries
        
        Blood flows normally
        
        does not prevent the underlying cause
  - - - Mechanical valves
        
        last a life time
        
        Increase the risk of blood clots so patients have to take anti clotting drugs
      - Animals
        
        May need to be replaced
        
        But patients do not need to take drugs
  - - - Only temporary, increase blood clotting
- - - - Soluble digestion products
      - Co2
      - Waste product urea
  - - - Contain the oxygen carrying molecule haemoglobin, combines with oxygen in the lungs
      - Have no nucleus so more room
      - Have dimples increases surface area
- - - - During digestion, large food molecules are broken down into small molecules so they can be absorbed into the bloodstream
  - - - Food is chewed by the mouth, amylase in the saliva begin to digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules
    - - peristalsis
    - - Contains hydrochloric acid which allows protease to be at its optimum pH; digests proteins and muscles churn the food into a liquid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest
    - - Produces enzymes
    - - Water is absorbed into the blood stream
    - - Produces bile, this neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies lipids
        
        Increases surface area of lipids increasing rate of reaction
    - - Stores bile
- - - - Have thick muscular walls used to withstand the high pressure the blood flows at
      - Elastic fibres stretch when a surge of blood passes through and recoil in between surges keeping the blood moving
  - - - Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells back to the blood
      - Have thin walls so small diffusion difference
  - - - Contain valves which stop blood from flowing backwards
- - - - Trachea contains rings of cartilage preventing it from collapsing during inhalation
      - Alveoli
        
        Sites of gas exchange
        
        Good blood flow via capillaries keeps the steep concentration gradient. rapidly removed gases
        
        Millions of alveoli mean lungs have huge surface area
        
        Thin walls (one cell thick) short diffusion distance
        
        Breathing increases the rate of diffusion, keeps a high concentration gradient
  - - - Benign
        
        Growth of abnormal cells found in one area
        
        Contained within a membrane
        
        Do not invade other parts of the body
      - Malignant
        
        Invade neighbouring tissues and move into the blood stream
        
        Classed as a cancer
        
        spread to different parts of the body and form new tumours
      - Increased chance due to genetics, lifestyle
  - - - Can be spread from person to person
      - Spread by pathogens
    - - Cannot be passed person to person
- - - - Organ
        
        Organ System
        
        Work together to form organisms
        
        Group of tissues performing a specific function.
      - A group of cells with a similar structure and function.
- - - - Waxy cuticle (top layer of the leaf)
        
        Protects the surface
        
        waxy cuticle reduces water loss
        
        Transparent to allow for sunlight to pass through
      - Lower
        
        Stomata
        
        Allow carbon dioxide enter and oxygen to leave
        
        can control the amount of water vapor that can pass out the leaf
      - Palisade mesophyll
        
        Consists of palisade cells
        
        many chloroplasts
        
        spongy mesophyll
        
        Full of air sapces
        
        allow Carbon dioxide to diffuse from stomata through the spongy mesophyll to the palisade cells for photo synthesis
        
        Oxygen also work the other way around
        
        Xylem and phloem
        
        Xylem transports water and dissolved mineral ions
        
        Phloem transports dissolved sugars
        
        This movement is called translocation
        
        meristem
        
        stem cells
        
        shoots and roots
        
        Transpiration
        
        Evaporation of water from inside cells of the leaf
        
        Water vapour diffuses out the leaf through the stomata
        
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        cools the leaf down
        
        Greater at higher temperatures
        
        Faster under dry conditions
        
        Increases in windy conditions
        
        Increases with higher light intensity
        
        stomata
        
        surrounded by two guard cells
        
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