Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Post-Emergency period, The Group of Orang Asli and Their Location, Before…
Post-Emergency period
Federation of Malaya gained independence (1957)
Emergency was declared over by the YDP Agong (1960)
The YDP Agong stated in a speech in parliament in 1961
The ultimate objective must be to absorb these people into the stream of national life in a way, and at a pace, which will adopt and not destroy their traditional way of living and culture
Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli
Orang Asli affairs are concerned the sum of M$ 1,500,000 was allocated under the Second Five Year Plan, for projects intended to benefit the OA
Tthe newly independent government, through the Ministry of Interior, published a "Statement of policy regarding the administration of aborigine people of the federation of Malaya"(1961)
This document reaffirms the new government's intention to continue to protect and recognise Orang Asli rights
Statement of policy regarding the administration of aborigine people of the federation of Malaya
stipulated "the aborigine being one of the ethnic minorities of the Federation must be allowed on an equal footing from the rights and opportunities which the law grants to other sections of the community".
stated that the goal is "[the] ultimate integration [of the Orang Asli] with the Malay section of the community", but "special measures should be adopted for the protection of the institution, customs, mode of life, persons, property and labour of the aborigine people" (Department of Information, 1961: 3, 5)
Orang Asli continue to be one of the most marginalised groups in Malaysia today
Orang Asli
-50% of households live below the poverty line
-19% considered hardcore poor
Health
have 5.5 times the incidence of tuberculosis as the national average
53.6% of the total malaria cases recorded in Peninsular Malaysia in 2003 (this is despite their very small population!)
80% of Orang Asli children are undernourished and stunted, many have intestinal worms, protozoa, anaemia, dental caries and vitamin A deficiency
get worse due to porvety
Education
enrollment has increased significantly
dropout cases are high – disproportionately higher than national average
In 2007, 36.2% of Orang Asli primary schoolchildren did not continue to secondary level
A significant number have never attended school at all
7,029 Orang Asli children below age 12 had never been to school at all (2007)
Development
Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula (RPS) 1980
targeted remote and scattered settlements and was to organise Orang Asli agricultural activities as their main source of livelihood
introduction of commercial crops, such as rubber trees, oil palm, coconut palm, and fruit trees, were implemented
implemented mainly by two government agencies, namely the Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority (RISDA) and the Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA Berhad)
Program Bersepadu Daerah Terpencil (PROSDET)
focused on the development of settlements located in remote areas and inaccessible to any type of vehicle
Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (JAKOA)
opens training courses in crop and livestock care, entrepreneurship courses, material assistance and equipment for indigenous people to start their own businesses
such as grocery stores, restaurants, machanic shops, Internet cafes, construction companies, fishing, potato, lime, aquaculture of tilapia, poultry, goats
funds allocated for the construction of premises for business space, where Orang Asli entrepreneurs could operate and sell their products
organises trainings and develops training programmes for Orang Asli under the Training and Employment Programme known as Program Latihan Kemahiran & Kerjaya (PLKK)
Orang Asli community members are allowed to invest in shares in Amanah Saham Bumiputera, a fund management company owned by the government, reserved for the bumiputeras only
Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli (JHEOA)
implemented a three-tier educational programme among Orang Asli communities aimed at preparing Orang Asli children for integration into the national education system
Children undergo three years of education at the first level
At the end of the sixth grade, they take exams and can go on to study at normal public high schools located in nearby rural or urban areas
For 6 years they continue their education in second-level schools located in large Orang Asli communities
125 medical institutions were opened
Hospital in Gombak District, specially created for the needs of the Orang Asli
It was modernised, equipped with new medical equipments and an additional of 166 beds (2003)
10 other hospitals and 20 transit centers were built for the indigenous population
Vaccinations, lectures on health and family nutrition are provided to improve public awareness and to prevent the spread of infectious diseases
National poverty rate
-3.8% poverty
-0.7% hardcore poor
The Group of Orang Asli and Their Location
Negrito (Semang)
Jahai
Lanoh
Kintak
Mendriq
Kensiu
Batek
Senoi
Mah Meri
Temiar
Chewang
Semai
Jahut
Semoq Beri
Aboriginal (Proto) Malay
Temuan
Jakun
Orang Kuala
Semelai
Orang Seletar
Orang Kanaq
Before WW2
Orang Asli before WW2
The Senoi and the Negrito
More isolated than other Orang Asli from the outside world before WW2
Senoi obtained commodities such as salt, jungle knives (parang) and metal axe heads by selling or exchanging jungle produce in the form of rotan, jelutong, bamboo and other items.
enterprising young men worked as labourers on estates, timber sites
Proto-Malay
Proto-Malays and Malays are close contact for hundreds of years
Proto-Malays and Malays are close contact for hundreds of years
Many modern Malays have some Proto-Malay blood
Orang Asli played an important role in trade in early 20th century
Malays depended on the Orang Asli as their primary source of forest products for international trade
resins, rattan and aromatic wood to trade with Malays, also working in Malay gold mines
Orang Laut, provide marine produce and skills such as diving and swimming , akar bahar (coral), tripang (sea slug)
Orang Asli had important leadership roles
played an important role in the formation of the Melaka empire in the 15th century
Hang Tuah was of Orang Laut background
Laksamana during the Melaka period was to command the Orang Laut fleets that were considered vital for the defence of the kingdom in times of war
Negeri Sembilan, the descendants of the Orang Asli, referred to as Biduanda Waris
position in the administration of the region from the 16th century
: Contact with Chinese
The Chinese community had much less contact with the Orang Asli than did the Malays.
due to the concentration of Chinese in urban centres and tin-mining districts
Chinese men married into Orang Asli communities, learnt their languages, and lived with the tribes
Good bond between Orang asli with Chinese create good atmosphere
Led to great assistance to the Chinese-dominated military(communist) and political organisations during Japanese Occupation
Orang Asli as Slaves
Slavery spread in the Malay States in the 19th century
ordinary slaves (abdi) and debtor slaves (orang berhutang).
Infidels captured, Orang Asli for enslaved
Children were more desirable than adults by the slave hunters
The Japanese Occupation of Malaya
MPAJA
Protect the Orang Asli from the attacks of bandits and Japanese troops
Aided the Communis forces
Porters
Guides
Food
Intelligence on Japanese movement in the jungle
These crucial twelve years saw the challenge and defeat of the Communist forces which had rearmed and reorganised following their temporary demobilisation after the capitulation of Japan.
After centuries of relative isolation they experienced considerable and often brutal contact with warring factions of outsiders.
Emergency Period (1948-1960)
Orang Asli was seen as a critical matter of national security by the government
Orang Asli were the main interest of the British administration.
(1947-1949)
British Military Administration, the welfare of the Orang Asli came under the jurisdiction of the Department of Social Welfare.
(1950)
This position was replaced with the appointment of a Federal Adviser based under the folio of the Member for Home Affairs.
Major P. D. R. Williams-Hunt
the first Federal Adviser on Aborigines
Department of Aborigines
In early 1953, its functions was limited to an advisory role.
Towards the end of 1953, the Department was reorganised and expanded "in order to meet the additional commitments resulting from the Emergency, and with particular reference to the assistance it is required to give to the Security Forces and the Administration.“
By the end of 1954 an impressive degree of expansion had occurred. The Department had become responsible for the provision of education, welfare, and medical facilities in Orang Asli areas
The Aboriginal Peoples Ordinance 1954 (No. 3) covered the whole of the Federation of Malaya and it introduced a number of provisions for the protection of the Orang Asli
Orang Asli allied with
What Orang Asli do
What MPAJA do
Northeast Kedah
Kedah-Perak Border
Northeast Perak & West Kelantan
North Central Perak
Southeast Kelantan
Northeast Pahang & South Kelantan
South Central Pahang
Northwest Pahang & South Perak
North Perak & South Kelantan
Central Pahang
Central Pahang
Coastal Selangor
Selangor & Negeri Sembilan
Central Pahang & East Negeri Sembilan
South Pahang & North Johor
East Johor
West & South Coasts of Johor
West & South Coasts of Johor