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paradigms on consciousness, concepts of consciousness - Coggle Diagram
paradigms on consciousness
PCI
inspired by the integrated information theory
each conscious experience is differentiated and integrated
metric for detecting consciousness
echo sound form EEG respons
conscious or not conscious
low PCI, reduced causal interactions
con: cannot resolve whether there are preferential hubs of complexity within the brain
pro: PCI provides maximum accuracy in detecting consciousness
bistable stimuli
Sfm
generalized flash suppression
binocular rivalry
same physical stimulus gives rise to different percepts
lesion studies
observations
con: unresponsiveness can be paired with consciousness
blindsight
visually guided actions without accompanying visual consciousness
local inactivation of regions
pro: involvement of specific part of the brain in consciousness
no-report tests
EEG
measuring neural activity
pro: doesn't take as much tim as fMRI
optokinetic nystagmus
pupil size
dissociates consciousness from behavioral responsiveness and task performance
con: perfect no-report study doesn't exist yet, because for example pupil size is also modulated by cognitive factors
electrical stimulation studies
posterior cortex
induces changes in conscious contents
example: stimulation of right fusiform gyrus disrupts perception of faces
frontal cortex
no change in content experience
pro: artificial lesions for tests
TMS(transcranial magnetic stimulation)
neuroimaging studies
changes in blood flow
fMRI
changes in chemistry
provides a general picture of where cognitive processing is carried out
pro: useful in paralyzed patients
sensory stimuli read-out with EEG or fMRI
con: possibility of false-negative results
animal study
pro: for example rodents share many similar features with the human brain,
by using rodents for research we don't have to put human lives at risk
con: can these animals be conscious at all?
concepts of consciousness
types of consciousness
the 'level' of consciousness
state of arousal/wakefulness
ascending activiation systems
basal forebrain
brainstem
the 'content' of consciousness
expeirence of the environment and of the self
represented by the thalamocortical system
NCCs
content specific NCCs
a particular phenomenal component within an experience
full NCCs
conscious experiences in their entirety