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Anatomy Dissections: Vessels of the Limbs, imageimage, Branches of the…

- - - - Cardiovascular Adaptation
        Describe Cardiovascular Adaptation
        
        Blood, Heart and Cardiovascular System
        
        Work together as a unit
        
        Respond to physical and physiological changes (eg: Exercise and Blood loss)
        
        Maintain homeostasis
        
        Vascular supply to special regions allows some organs to have separate mechanisms to control blood flow
        
        Three important examples:
        
        Brain
        
        Heart
        
        Lungs
        
        Arteries of the Upper Limb: Right Limb with Forearm supinated, Anterior View
        Outline the Arteries of the Right Upper, and Anterior Limb
        
        Left ventricle gives rise to the Ascending Aorta, which becomes the Aortic Arch
        
        The Aortic Arch splits into 3 different branches:
        
        Left Subclavian artery
        
        Left Common Carotid artery
        
        Brachiocephalic Trunk
        
        The Brachiocephalic Trunk gives rises to 2 other Arteries
        
        Right Common Carotid artery
        
        Right Subclavian artery
        
        The Subclavian arteries supply blood to the arms, chest wall, shoulders, back and CNS
        
        They give rise to the:
        
        Internal Thoracic artery
        
        Vertebral artery
        
        Thyrocervical trunk
        
        The Right Subclavian artery becomes the Right Axillary artery once it enters the Axilla
        
        The Axillary artery exits the Right Axilla and becomes the Right Brachial artery
        
        Right Brachial artery splits into the:
        
        Right Ulnar and Right Radial arteries
        
        Outline the formation of the Ulnar and Radial arteries from the Brachial Artery
        
        Before the Brachial artery splits into 2 main branches, on either side (medial and lateral) of the Brachial artery are the following branches
        
        On the Medial side (Ulnar side) there is the Superior and Inferior Ulnar Collateral Branches.
        
        Superior Ulnar Collateral branch forms the
        Posterior Ulnar Recurrent Branch
        
        Inferior Ulnar Collateral Branch forms the Anterior Ulnar Recurrent Branch
        
        These Branches then anastomoses with the Brachial Artery to form the Ulnar Artery
        
        On the Lateral side (Radial side) there is a Radial Recurrent artery
        
        The Radial recurrent artery then anastomoses with the brachial artery to form the Radial artery
        
        These branches of the Brachial, Radial and Ulnar arteries supply the elbow joint
        
        Outline the Radial and Ulnar Artery
        
        The Brachial artery usually divides at the Cubital Fossa of the Humerus into the:
        
        Radial Artery supplies the forearm and radial side
        
        Ulnar Artery supplies the forearm and ulnar side
        
        Radial and Ulnar arteries have an overlap within the palm of the hands
        
        Ulnar artery is a major contributor to the Superficial Palmar arc
        
        Radial artery is a major contributor to the Deep Palmar arch
        
        The radial and ulnar arteries are connected by anastomoses of the Palmar arches that supply the Digital Arteries
        
        Other important arteries are the:
        
        Anterior Ulnar recurrent artery
        
        Posterior Ulnar recurrent artery
        
        These two arteries are important for blood supply around the elbow joint.
        
        The Upper and Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb
        
        Skin of the Upper Limb is drained by the Cephalic and Basilic veins
        
        Outline the development of the Axillary Artery
        The Axillary Artery
        
        Subclavian Artery comes off the Brachiocephalic Trunk, and passes beneath the Clavicle to enter the Axilla
        
        At the Lateral border of the 1st Rib, the Subclavian artery is now the Axillary artery
        
        The Axillary artery is split into 3 parts by the Pectoralis Minor Muscle
        
        Define the 3 Parts of the Axillary Artery (Some Times Life Seems A Pain)
        
        1st part is made up of the Superior Thoracic Branch
        
        First part of the Axillary artery is before the Pectoralis minor muscle
        
        2nd Part is made up of the Thoracoacromial Branch, Lateral Thoracic Branch,
        
        2nd part of the Axillary artery is below the Pectoralis minor muscle
        
        These branches supply the Chest wall and Shoulder region from the 2nd part of the Artery
        
        3rd part is made up of the Anterior and Posterior Circumflex Humeral Branches and Subscapular Artery, as they pass through the Humerus
        
        The Posterior Circumflex Humeral branch enters the Deltoid muscle with the Axillary nerve
        
        3rd part of the Axillary artery is after the Pectoralis minor muscle
        
        The Largest branch of the Axillary artery is the Subscapular artery which descends along the Lateral Border of the Scapula
        
        Circumflex Scapular branch anastomoses with the Suprascapular and Dorsal Scapular branches of the Subclavian artery
        
        Outline the Axillary Artery after it becomes the Brachial Artery
        
        The Axillary artery will become the Brachial artery once it passes the Lower Border of the Teres Major muscles
        
        Profundi Brachii artery passes Posteriorly to the back of the arm with the Radial Nerve, between the Medial and Lateral heads of the Triceps Brachii muscles
        
        There are Venae comitantes on either side of the Brachial artery and Profundi Brachii artery
        
        These Veins drain the deep structures of the arms.
        
        At the Cubital fossa the the Brachial artery divides into 2 main branches:
        
        Radial artery
        
        Ulnar artery
        
        The Ulnar and Radial Arteries
        Outline the further development of the Ulnar and Radial arteries
        
        In the cubital fossa, the Ulnar artery gives rise to the Common Interosseous Artery
        
        The Common Interosseous artery gives rise to the:
        
        Anterior Interosseous artery
        
        Posterior Interosseous artery
        
        Which run on either side of the of the Interosseous membrane with the Anterior and Posterior (Radial) Interosseous nerves
        
        Ulnar artery then passes beneath the Flexor carpi Ulnaris with the Ulnar nerve to the wrist
        
        Ulnar artery crosses Superficial to the Flexor Retinaculum with the Ulnar nerve to enter the Palm where is forms the Superficial Palmar Arch
        
        Superficial Palmar Arch is completed laterally by a branch from the Radial artery
        
        Radial artery crosses to the Dorsolateral aspect of the hand.
        
        It passes through the Anatomical Snuff Box between the Abductor Pollicis longus and Extensor Pollicis longus and Brevis muscle
        
        Before entering the Anatomical Snuff Box, the Radial artery gives rise to the lateral branch that completes the Superficial Palmar Arch
        
        Radial artery then enters the Palm between the 2 heads of the 1st and 2nd Dorsal Interosseous muscles to form the Deep Palmar Arch
        
        Deep Palmar arch lies on the Metacarpal Bases
        
        A branch from the Ulnar Artery completes the Deep Palmar Arch
        
        Radial and Ulnar arteries are accompanied by Venae comitantes
        
        These Veins drain the deep structures of the Forearm, and join the Veins around the Brachial artery to form the Axillary Vein which in turn forms the Subclavian Vein
- - - - The Anterior and Posterior Tibial Arteries
        Outline the formation of the Anterior and Posterior Tibial Arteries
        
        Once the Popliteal Artery exists the Popliteal Fossa, it splits into 2 branches with one on either side of the Interossei membrane:
        
        Anterior Tibial Artery
        
        Posterior Tibial Artery
        
        Anterior Tibial Artery supplies the anterior regions of the leg
        
        Posterior Tibial Artery supplies the posterior regions of the leg
        
        The Anterior and Posterior Tibial Arteries are accompanied by Venae comitantes and these Venae Comitantes fuse to form the Popliteal Vein
        
        Small Saphenous vein joins the popliteal vein
        
        Describe the development of the Posterior Tibial Artery
        
        The Posterior Tibial artery accompanies the Tibial Nerve through the Posterior Compartment
        
        The Posterior Tibial artery passes between the two heads of the Gastrocnemius Muscle to the deep layer of the leg
        
        The Posterior Tibial Artery gives rise to the Fibular Branch (Fibular Artery)
        
        The Fibular Artery supplies the Lateral (Fibular) Compartment of the Lower leg
        
        The Posterior Tibial artery then descends between the Flexor Hallucis longus and Tibialis Posterior muscle
        
        The Posterior Tibial artery passes the Medial Malleolus between the Tendons of the Deep Muscles
        
        The Posterior Tibial artery forms the Medial Plantar Arteries and Lateral Planter Arteries in the Foot
        
        Medial Plantar Arteries and Lateral Planter Arteries supply the structurers of the foot
        
        These arteries supply the Plantar Side of the foot, and contributes to the supply of the toes via the Deep Plantar Arch.
        
        These structures are accompanied by the Medial Plantar Nerves and Lateral Plantar Nerves
        
        Describe the Development of the Anterior Tibial Artery
        
        Anterior Tibial artery becomes the Dorsalis Pedis Artery as it enters the Dorsum of the Foot
        
        Dorsalis pedis artery supplies Digital Branches to the Toes
        
        Anastomoses with the Lateral Plantar Artery of the Sole of the Foot in the space between the 1st and 2nd Metatarsals to form the Deep Palmar Arch
        
        Medial Plantar Arteries and Lateral Planter Arteries connect to the Dorsalis Pedis Artery to form the Dorsal Arch and Plantar Arch
- - - - Steps to Follow when inspecting a Chest X-Ray
        
        A. Inspect the Trachea and it's branches
        
        When inspecting the Trachea make sure that the trachea is not being shifted to either the Left or Right Side
        
        This could be a sign of Pleural Effusion or Atelectasis
        
        Pleural Effusion pushes the Trachea to the opposite side of the affected Lung
        
        Whereas, Atelectasis (a collapse of the Lung) will pull the Trachea to the affected Lung
        
        B. Inspect the Bone
        
        When inspecting and comparing the Bone Structures you look at the following:
        
        Site
        
        Size
        
        Shape
        
        Shadows
        
        Borders
        
        Fractures
        
        Horizontal Ribs are the Posterior aspect of the Ribs
        
        Descending Ribs are the Anterior aspect of the Ribs
        
        Inspect if the Spinous Processes are lined up and along the edge to inspects for Compression Fractures
        
        Lytic lesions which are like holes that have Air-density inside of Bone-density