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WW1 - End of Y10 - Coggle Diagram
WW1 - End of Y10
Causes of World War One
Kaiser Wilhelm II desired:
- A 'place in the sun' similarly to that which had been obtained by his kin (George V, King of the United Kingdom).
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- To turn Germany into a titanic imperial power (as stated by Weltpolitik).
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- Make major advancements in trading for Germany.
Formation of alliances:
- 1882 - Triple Alliance is Formed, fear of encirclement.
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- 1904 - Entente Cordial form
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- 1907 - Triple Entente Form
By 1914, the Arms Race had began; Germany and Great Britain were competing for military superiority.
The naval race began due to the Tirpitz plan which was approved in 1898 (stating that Germany was to increase their navy to rival that of Britain's). Britain's two-power-standard saw Britain attempt to possess a navy larger than the combined navy of the next two powers combined.
By 1906, Dreadnoughts began to be manufactured and GB was leading; Britain ended up producing 29 Dreadnoughts with Germany only producing 17.
First Moroccan Crisis(1906):
Germany promises Morocco their independence, a conference is held in 1906, in Algeciras; France (of which Morocco is a colony of) and Britain claim that Germany has no say in Moroccan affairs and they are turned down, humiliating the Kaiser.
Second Moroccan Crisis(1911):
French troops arrive in Fez, Morocco in hopes of protecting Europeans stationed there from the aggressive rebellion that the Morocco was facing. Germany see this as a French plot to further capture land in Morocco, they send the SMS Panther to Morocco. Germany eventually withdrew from the Agadir Port.
Crisis in the Balkans
1908 - Bosnia is annexed by Austria-Hungary, leaving Serbia vengeful; increasing tension between the nations.
1909 - Serbia looks for support from Russia but Germany make it clear that they would get involved if Russia was to engage in conflict with Austria-Hungary.
1912 / 1913 - A series of wars in the Balkans render Serbia the most powerful Balkan nation; Serbia now had a strong army and close relations with Russia.
Austria-Hungary decided that Serbia must be dealt with; the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28th 1914 was a perfect opportunity.
23rd July 1914 - Austria-Hungary send an ultimatum (within it was demanded that all members of the Black Hand are handed over to A.H and a A.H policing to be take place within Serbia) to Serbia, spurred on by Germany's blank check. Serbia does not accept all clauses and war is declared on the 28th July 1914.
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The Schlieffen Plan was executed on the 3rd August 1914, it failed however due to Russia mobilising in only 10 days, Belgium resisting Germany entry and the arrival of Britain in response to the infiltration of Belgium.
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M.A.I.N
Militarism - Germany wished to claim land in Africa so they increased their military power and funding monumental amounts.
Alliances - Formation of the Triple Alliance due to fear of encirclement, Entente Cordial form and later Triple Entente. July Crisis; escalates conflict between alliances.
Nationalist - Serbia desired independence; Serbian nationalist group (The Black Hand, in which was Gavrilo Princip) organise an assassination on the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Balkan wars further amplified Serbian nationalism.
Imperialism - Desire to build an empire; Germany and Austria-Hungary desired large empires. Moroccan crisis, Germany wanted land in Africa. Germany create Schlieffen Plan in 1905 (carried out in 1914). A.H annexed Bosnia in 1908 (led to Slav nationalism).
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The Course of the War
The War of Movement
23rd August 1914 - The battle of Mons takes place. The British Expeditionary Force engage with Germany, attempting to hinder their entry into Paris. Britain retreats.
5th/12th September 1914 - The First Battle of the Marne. British and French forces engage with German forces at the Marne, the German forces are split into two, separate bodies and retreat to the river Aisne where they would hold trenched positions for the next 4 years. (400 miles of trenches dug)
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The Race to Sea
Both sides persistently trench, racing to the English Channel in an attempt to out-flank each other.
Stalemate
February 1915 to January 1916 - The Gallipoli Campaign takes place; the allies attempt to aid Russia in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, this would allow a new front to be declared and would dilute German troops. The Campaign failed however, naval mines around the Gallipoli peninsula forced a direct infiltration to take place. The Turks and the Allies began trench warfare and a stalemate similar to that of the Western Front's took place.
Failures of the Gallipoli Campaign:
- Strength of the Turkish; underestimated.
- Landscape; Turks were perched upon dunes.
- Mines prevented any naval entry.
- Heat and disease were prominent.
- Poor planning/Communication from the British.
The War of Attrition
February 21st 1916 - Battle of Verdun begins; this is the longest battle in World War One, the casualties from the battle of Verdun led directly to the British battle of the Somme. (Verdun was fortified)
July to November 1916 - The Battle of the Somme takes place. Most detrimental conflict of World War One. Results in titanic causalities (British Army faced 420,000 casualties, the Germans lost over 500,000 men). Field Marshall Haig's tactics were deemed archaic and controversial. Additionally; 60,000 British were killed in the first day.
July to November 1917 - The Battle of Passchendaele takes place on the Western Front. Deemed "the Battle of Mud"; the goal of this conflict was to take the Belgian city, Ypres. Extreme weather conditions rendered mobility futile. The allies captured 5 miles of land in 3 months. The allies faced 320,000 casualties whilst the Germans faced 260,000 casualties.
Technology and Tactics
Chlorine gas was first used during the Battle of Ypres in 1915 by the German army. Both sides later used mustard gas which proved majorly effective. The issue with gas was that it had the potential to blow back and harm the side releasing it.
Tanks were first used by the British in 1916 during the Battle of the Somme; they were, originally, very unreliable and would often break down during an advance. They were, however, a huge morale boost for the British as they were depicted as powerful in various media outlets.
Many maritime/naval advancements were made in the First World War; dreadnoughts were first constructed from Britain (despite their disuse, only appearing during the Battle of Jutland). German U-boats were a major threat to the British navy because of their inconspicuous nature; Britain altered their trading tactics (introduction of the convoy system) to deal with this.
Aeronautical progress was also seen during World War One, air-crafts that has previously been used for reconnaissance only were beginning to be mounted with weapons. German zeppelins also began to launch attacks on British cities.
The War at Sea
28th August 1914 - Heligoland Bight takes place. The British navy attacks German Coastal patrols; 4 German ships were sunk. There was frustration, however, that the attack has been poorly planned.
May 1916 - The Battle of Jutland takes place. Admiral Von Scheer attempted to lure a British fleet out of their marina; more British ships came than expected. 14 British ships were sunk and 11 German. The German fleet pulled out of the battle first, ending World War One's naval warfare.
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The End of the War
America's Entry
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January 1917 - The Zimmerman Telegram is intercepted by Britain, America officially entered the war in April 1917
- The US had 1.5 million troops in France by August 1918
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- America only lost 48,000 troops in battle over the course of the war; France and Germany both lost over 1 million.
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- US troops were superior in the sense that they had been trained to a high degree.
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- The US lost 56,000 troops to disease.
Russia Withdraws
February 1917 - The first Bolshevik Revolution takes place; as a result Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and a new provisional government was formed.
October 1917 - Unhappy with the provisional government's decision to remain in the war, a second Bolshevik Revolution takes place led by Lenin (promising Peace, Bread and Land)
3th March 1918 - The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed; this withdrew Russia from the war but also caused economic devestation (74% of iron and coal mines were given to Germany, Russia lost western land such as Poland).
Russia desired this termination of war because of:
- The state of poverty that the country had been faced with.
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- The Tsar had taken control of the military, he was unqualified.
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- Millions of Russian soldiers had been wounded or killed.
The Ludendorff Offensive
March 1918 - Germany move 500,000 troops from the Eastern Front following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Germany needed to launch an offensive before US troops arrived.
15th July 1918 - After Germany successfully pushes back the allied to the River Marne, they are left exhausted. The second Battle of the Marne takes place.
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The 100 Day Offensive
8th August - Germany's "Black Day", the allies launch a counter offensive. By October, Germany was in full retreat.
Other Events
The Treaty of Versailles
28th June 1919 -The Treaty of Versailles is singed. It is a 'diktat' treaty (Germany had no input). France wished to see Germany crushed, Britain wished to see the "middle route" taken and the US simply wanted peace.
Guilt clause
Army reduced
Reparations
Germany lost land
League of Nations
Extra (Alliance with A.H disbanded: Anschluss)
Germany was to pay £6.6 billion to the allies, lost Alsace Lorraine to France, lost colonies to the League of Nations, were only allowed 100,000 soldiers (no submarines or battleships, Rhineland demilitarised).
Mutiny and Abdication
25th October 1918 - The Kiel Mutiny takes place; a German navy corps refused to launch an attack on a British fleet, deeming it a 'suicide mission'. By the 5th November there was mass protesting in Germany.
7th November 1918 - Fearing a revolution similar to that in Russia; the Social Democrats issue an ultimatum to the Kaiser; he accepts on November 9th and a day later, an armistice is agreed to.