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Cane Toads - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 100% of Crocs, 82% of FW turtles, 85% goannas, 59% of agamids
      - 30% of terrestrial snakes
        
        likely dose much higher than LD50 for most sp.
  - - - generally it is large predators that are badly impacted
      - many other species may benefit as a consequence
    - - Heritable variation
      - Selection
      - A bit of time
      - Adaptive change in snakes
        
        Which traits are under selection?
        
        Prey preference (tendency to eat toads)
        
        morphology - ability to eat large prey items
        
        toxin resistance - ability to tolerate toad toxin
        
        In long term adaptation is best option, in short term learning may also be critical
        
        snakes who are from toad exposed pops don't eat toads (heritable trait)
  - - - Population dynamics of impacted taxa (eg. frogs)
      - encounter rates (eg. fish, tadpoles)
      - indirect effects (turtles, goannas, crocodiles)
    - - massive natural inter-annual variation in populations
      - designs that decouple time from toad arrival (BACI)
        
        eg. different populations with different introduction dates
- - - - Hybrid of the French Guyana and Guinea populations; this could have contributed to their success as an invasive species
  - - - (primarily in Caribbean and Pacific)
      - naturalised in most (>22) of these
- - - - no teeth
      - bent back
      - bidder's organs (rudimentary ovaries attached to the testes in male toads, removal of testes can result in development of ovaries and viable oviducts and offspring)
      - Distribution
        
        found naturally everywhere except Aus, NZ, Madagascar, Pacific Islands and Antarctica