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Parksinson - Coggle Diagram
Parksinson
Unclear mechanisms
Largely unknown
Predisposition loci
chromosome 2p13
Viral infection?
Encephalitis lethargica
Similar but not identical to Parkinson's symptoms
responded to L-DOPA treatment
Toxins?
Industrial manganese
Carbon disulphide
Similar but not identical to Parkinson's symptoms
Different by post-mortem neuropathology
Parkinson affects input upstream of striatum
Manganese poisoning affects striatum
Carbon disulphide degenerates striatal outputs
MPTP?
Derives from attempts for synthetic heroine
MPTP ----> MPP+ occur inside body
MPP+ has high selective toxicity to cell bodies in substania nigra
Structurally similar to environmental chemicals
Isoquinoline in food?
B-carbolines?
Pesticides?
Study through other neurodegenerative diseases
Guam
Potential diet or water poisoning as cause
Pathology
Post-mortem degeneration of substania nigra
Pet scans indicate dopamine + metabolites depletion
striatum
Caudate nucleus
Substania nigra
Degeneration of nigrostriatal pathway strongly associated
Symptoms
Motor
Nigrostriatal dysfunction
Resting tremors
Muscle rigidity
Akinesia
Non motor
Cognitive deficit in frontal lobe
Dopaminergic neurone depletion in mesolimbic pathway
Depression
Noradenralinergic systems
Serotonin systems
Locus coeruleus
dorsal raphe nucleus
Demention
Basal forebrain
Indirect consequence from other morphological changes.
Drugs
Side effects of dopaminergic drugs treating Parkinson's.
Psychosis
Drugs increase dopaminergic activity beyond nigrostriatal pathway