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4th year, Rivers - Coggle Diagram

- - - - when water freezes, it expands by 10% this can cause the formation of cracks. This only occurs if temp drop below 0 and then back above 0
    - - The rock expands during the day, due to high temperatures, and contracts at night, causing layers to peel off the rock
    - - Plant roots, and burrowing can erode rocks
    - - Carbon mixes with rain to form carbonic acid which erodes rocks
  - - - The movement of weathered material down a slope due to gravity, such as on a cliff
    - - The movement of soil down a slope due to gravity
    - - Geology, less malleable rocks won't slide as easily
      - Climate, more rain means better lubrication, causing soil creep and slumping
      - Slope, steeper slope means the force of gravity will be greater.
  - - - Steep, fast flow, V-shaped valley, downward erosion, interlocking spurs, waterfalls, gorges
    - - floodplains, meanders
    - - Large floodplains, levees, deltas, Ox bow lakes
        
        used for farming, many settlements in lower course, flat
    - - Increases: Discharge, Channel width, depth, load quantity
      - decreases, particle size, channel be roughness, slope, velocity
  - - - When rocks collide with eachother and break apart
    - - Dissolving of rocks in the water
    - - When the force of the water erodes the bed.
    - - Rocks grinding against riverbed
- - - - Industry
        
        Used for cooling
      - Agriculture
        
        used for fertilizing land.
      - domestic
        
        Used in household appliances, baths, toilets, washing machines
      - services
        
        Used in computing and such
      - Difference in uses in LICs and HICs
        
        LICs use water more in agriculture Chad (54%
        
        HICs use more in industry and domestic, larger industry are more water heavy, and better domestic technology
  - - - is celebrated and praised by the Indian people.
      - River has turned black due to pollution
      - The leather industry is big, and because of exportation is becoming even bigger, this creates bigger manufacturing and further waste which is dumped into the river
      - Toxic chemicals are used to coat leather, such as Lead, Arsenic...
      - Kanpur, 400 tanneries, all using the river
      - Water from Kanpur, after further down stream is used for agriculture, killing crops.
      - Health hazards from the water are respiratory disease, kidney failure, dermal problems and blue baby syndrome
      - 400 tonnes of solid waste passes through the kanpur region everyday
      - 3 billion promised by government to clean river
    - - Physical
        
        1/5 of world pop
        
        north Africa, china, middle east
        
        China case study
        
        South-north water project
        
        Eastern
        
        4 more items...
        
        Western
        
        1 more item...
        
        Central
        
        4 more items...
        
        High population in east, so high demand with little supply
      - Economical
        
        1/4 of world pop
        
        Sub-Saharan Africa and in south east Asia.
        
        caused by poor sanitation
  - - - Hard engineering
        
        Dam
        
        Channelling, diverting channel from settlement
        
        Levees, increase bank height, to increase capacity of river
        
        Dykes, slabs on the side at 90 degrees, so water in the middle flows faster, and water doesn't build up
      - Soft engineering
        
        Floodplain zoning, restricting land usage to prevent flooding
        
        Afforestation, planting trees
        
        Natural levees, the build up of sediment on the banks.
    - - Causes
        
        Abnormally high rainfall over 3 months
        
        Deforestation, created less water being trapped by trees, by absorption and blockage.
        
        Urbanization, increased runoff and reduced storage capacity
      - Effects
        
        250,000 animals and people evacuted
        
        1 death
        
        Koln flooded under 2m
        
        polluted water
        
        Billions lost for the Dutch in compensation
        
        1,550km^2 of farmland lost, and houses destroyed
        
        12 dams on the high Rhine