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unit 2- 2.4-2.6 - Coggle Diagram
unit 2- 2.4-2.6
2.4 conformers and regulators
factors that affect metabolic rate- temperature, salinity and pH
conformers- state of conformers internal environment is dependant on external environment. advantage- low metabolic cost. disadvantage- less adaptable, narrow ecological niche. use behavioural responses to maintain their optimum metabolic rate.
regulators- internal environment of a regulator is not dependant on the external environment. employ physiological means to control their internal environment and maintain metabolic state themselves. advantage- wide niche. disadvantage- high metabolic cost.
homeostasis- maintenance of the body's internal environment within limits despite the external environment.
negative feedback control
thermoregulation- use of negative feedback control in regulation of body temperature.
hypothalamus- temp. monitoring center of the brain. contains thermoreceptors and receives impulses from receptors from the skin.
TOO COLD shivering- muscle relaxes and contracts to generate heat from movement. vasoconstriction- vessels close to skin become narrow to reduce heat lost through skin by radiation. decreased sweating. goosebumps- layer of insulated air.
TOO HOT sweating- evaporation of water has cooling effect. vasodilation- vessels become wider to increase heat loss through the skin by radiation. hair erector muscles relax- no layer of insulating air.
advantages of controlling temp- diffusion rates and optimum enzyme activity.
2.5 metabolism and adverse conditions.
to survive adverse conditions- dormancy- predictive dormancy occurs before the arrival of adverse conditions. consequential dormancy occurs after the onset of the conditions.
hibernation- predictive. metabolism and body temp decreases, heart and breathing rate slows and minimum energy is expended. animals go into a sleep state for months to avoid conditions- consume extra food before
aestivation- consequential in response to hot temps and droughts.
daily torpor- period of reduced activity. decrease in heart rate, breathing rate and body temps. advantages- decrease energy consumption when hunting would be unsuccessful.
migration- avoiding adverse conditions. innate- inherited behaviour. learned- gained by experience, influenced by group. advantages- avoid metabolic adversity caused by shortage of food and low temp. disadvantages- huge amount of energy spent. long and dangerous journey.
studying migration- leg rings, tagging, satellite tracking- want to know when/where animals migrate, how long for & if they return.
2.6 environmental control of metabolism in microorganisms.
microorganisms- archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. used by scientists as they're easy to culture, reproduce quickly, cheap food source and make useful products. they require an energy source and raw materials. photosynthetic plants use light as an energy source.
growth medium- composition of the growth medium and environmental conditions. they contain necessary raw materials needed for an organism to grow and reproduce.
Sterile conditions Temperature Oxygen concentration PH and glucose concentration
oxygen and glucose needed for aerobic respiration which generates ATP for cells to divide.
lag phase- increase in cell number as enzymes being induced. log phase- contains the most rapid growth of micro organisms due to plentiful nutrients. stationary phase- nutrients become depleted as toxic metabolites produced. death phase- number of cells dying exceeds new cells being produced.