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unit 2-2.1-2.3 - Coggle Diagram
unit 2-2.1-2.3
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2.2 cell respiration
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stage 1; glycolysis-occurs in cytoplasm- glucose broken down into pyruvate. 2ATP invested in the energy investment phase and is broken down into ADP and Pi. phosphate is used to phosphorylate the intermediates. dehydrogenase enzymes separates the hydrogen ions and electrons and they are picked up by NAD which becomes NADH and carries them to stage 3.
stage 2- citric acid cycle- occurs in central matrix of the mitochondria. pyruvate is broken down into acetyl group which binds to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A. acetyl from acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate. 1ATP is formed, CO2 is released and oxaloacetate is regenerated. NAD combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons to become NADH and carries them to stage 3
stage 3- electron transport chain- inner membrane of the mitochondria. NADH from stages 1 & 2 passes electrons to the electron transport system and electrons flow along the membrane. the flow generates energy which pumps hydrogen ions across the membrane. the returning flow of hydrogen goes back into the matrix and ATP synthase generates ATP from ADP and Pi. oxygen is the final hydrogen ion and electron acceptor and combines with them to form water.
fermentation in animals- pyruvate turns to lactate and is reversible. fermentation in plant cells- glucose to pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol and is irreversible.
2.3 metabolic rates
metabolic rate is the quantity of energy consumed by an organism per unit time. energy is generated by aerobic respiration in cells.
metabolic rates can be measured by oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and energy production in the form of heat.
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double incomplete system- one ventricle and two atria. deoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood. amphibians diffuse oxygen from their moist skin too.
double complete system- 2 ventricle 2 atria. oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don't mix. most advanced and efficient system.