Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
''THE ASTRONOMY'', WhatsApp Image 2021-05-26 at 12.36.18…
''THE ASTRONOMY''
History of Astronomy
Astronomy arises since humanity stopped being nomadic and began to become sedentary; after forming civilizations or communities, his interest in the stars began.
How Astronomy developed
It can be said that Astronomy was born at the same time that humans were. The first humans were amazed by the show the sky offered and the phenomena that happened there.
However, Astronomy as science developed with improvements in the methodology and the scientific process as well as the technology of instruments.
Below you can see a diagram with the astronomers over time.
In the following centuries, important progress was made, but it wasn’t until the XX century that Astronomy reached an impressive advance in the knowledge of planets, stars and galaxies, plasma, the birth of new stars, energetic nucleus that can contain black holes and cosmic microwave background (CMB). Finally, a great leap into spatial exploration was made.
Spatial Exploration
Wlaking on the Moon
Apollo, the American project, had the objective of putting a person on the Moon floor and bring her safe and sound back to Earth. It wasn't an easy task, and it had revealed as really dangerous when during the tests on Earth the crew of Apollo 1, the moon module, came on fire and three astronauts died.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgI_Dtbgems
Planets, satelites, coments and asteroids
The Planets:
Planets are soil celestial bodies that spin around the sun and are visible thanks to the light they reflect.
Interior Planets:
They are ones which are located closer to the sun Mercury ,Venus,Earth, Mars
Exterior Planets :They are the ones that are located closer to the Farther away from the sun:Jupiter Saturn,Uraus and neptune .Exterior planets are of a bigger size than interior ones
Exterior Planets:
They are the ones that are located farther away from the sun:Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptun .
Gaseous Planets:
It is thought that all of them have a roky nucleus Jupiter’s nucleus is covered by a thick layer of liquid metallic
Stars in the Solar System:
The Solar is formed by several bodies named stars .
Asteroids:
Stars of an irregular form and size which is much smaller than the one of the planets .They are located between Mars and Júpiter .
Comets:
Despite what can be thought, comets are not stars with a tail nor are they shooting stars .
The Sun:
It is one of the millions of stars that from the milky way. For the Earth ,the sun is essential since it provides light and warmth.
Meteorites and aerolites:
They are small solid bodies which are made of rock or metal and are smaller than asteroids. They spin around the sun.
Planets:
Mars:
Its size is one seventh the size of the Earth.
has two satellites (Deimos and Phobos).
It looks like a red star because of its color similar to blood.
Mars has a very rugged relief and is characterized by its seas that do not have liquid water.
It has the largest volcano in the solar system (Olympus Mons), it is 25 kilometers high and 700 m wide.
Its distance from the earth is 55 and 400 million kilometers.
Saturn:
It is the second largest planet in the solar system.
It is surrounded by a ring system made up of ice particles and cold gas.
23 satellites revolve around it (the titan is one of them and is bigger than the moon).
Its internal structure is similar to that of Jupiter.
Its atmosphere is composed of hydrogen (75%) and helium (25%), in addition to an inner layer of liquid metallic hydrogen and a rocky core.
Earth:
It is the fifth among the planets of the solar system.
It has a natural satellite (the moon) is the only one that has water in its three states (solid, liquid and gas).
Its diameter is 12,742 km long.
The presence of the atmosphere and the biosphere make it unique in the solar system.
Jupiter:
It is the largest planet in the solar system (1300 times more than Earth)
has a thick atmosphere that looks like parallel belts and a giant hurricane, like a red patch that floats in its southern hemisphere.
It does not have a solid crust if it does not have gaseous matter.
It has 21 known satellites and they also have rings.
Uranus:
It has a ring system.
There are 15 satellites revolving around it (the feet were discovered and photographed in 1986 on the Voyager 2 spacecraft).
The planet rotates in the opposite direction to what the Earth does (retrograde rotation), for example, it is not perpendicular to the elliptical but parallel.
Neptune:
The blue color has nothing to do with the oceans but its visible surface corresponds to the thick outer layer of the atmosphere.
The composition and structure are similar to those of Uranus.
It was discovered in 1846 by Galle and D'Arrest.
Triton is one of its satellites and is one of the largest in the solar system.
Neptune's surface has cloud belts and some interesting formations like the Great Dark Spot located in the southern hemisphere.
It is a stormy area with winds of 1000 km / h.
We can see that the great dark spot has disappeared and a similar spot has formed in the northern hemisphere.
Venus:
It is the second closest planet to the sun.
Its size is similar to that of the Earth.
It has no satellites and has a thick atmospheric layer that blocks the view of the surface.
Apart from the sun and the moon, it is the brightest star in the sky (hence its name "Lucero del Albat").
It is a very hostile planet covered in poisonous gases.
Pluto´s case:
Since 1930 Pluto was considered the ninth planet in the solar system.
In August 2006 they decided that it did not meet the conditions to be considered a planet, therefore the solar system with eight planets.
Mercury:
Planet closest to the sun.
Size: 16 times smaller than the earth.
It has no satellites and its atmosphere is very fine.
It has very high temperatures and has no water.
Its surface is covered by several craters.
It is the planet with the greatest difference between maximum and minimum temperatures in the solar system.
It is difficult to see because of its proximity to the sun.
The solar system:
The constellations
A constellation, in astronomy, is the limit in which the celestial vault is divided, each one is formed by a conventional grouping of stars, whose position in the night sky is apparently invariable.
Autumn constellations
: Some of the visible ones are :Aquarius Andrómeda and Pegasus.
Winter constellations
: In this time of the year many constellations can be observed such as Orion Gemini and Auriga.
Spring constellations
: During this time of the year galaxies that can be observed are: Crater, Hydra and Leo among others
Circumpolar constellations
: These are visible all year long in the northern Hemisphere ,like the Ursa Major Ursa Minor, Draco and Crux.
Zodiac constellations
: Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Geminis, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Ophiuchus, Sagitarius.
How was the constellation created?
Starting in the 16th century, when sailors left Europe to explore the southern seas, sailors also found themselves with an unknown sky, which stars required to be identified by them. Therefore, and to serve as an aid in navigation, new constellations were devised.
The constellations: A constellation, in astronomy, is the limit in which the celestial vault is divided, each one is formed by a conventional grouping of stars, whose position in the night sky is apparently invariable.
https://youtu.be/gHqnMAaTAIEv
How the zodiac signs were created: Currently, it is believed that the study of the signs of the zodiac began with the Egyptians, who took it to the Babylonians and then moved on to the Greeks.
Zodiac constellations: Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Geminis, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Ophiuchus, Sagitarius.
Circumpolar constellations: These are visible all year long in the northern Hemisphere ,like the Ursa Major Ursa Minor, Draco and Crux.
Beliefs and theories: In the time constellations represented animals, mythological beings héroes and deities .In each culture,many of the constellations had a very important meaning for people located as well as for some people from the south.
How was the constellations created :From the 16th century, when sailors left Europe to explore the southern seas, the sailors also found themselves with an unknown sky, which stars required to be identified by them. Therefore, and to serve as an aid in navigation, new constellations were devised.
Astronomical Phenomena in space
Moon
Structure of Moon:
Mantle:
with an estimated radius of around 1,300 km, composed mainly of iron and magnesium oxides.
Core:
Small (587 km) in radius, it is formed by a solid inner core, an outer core and a liquid core, it has tectonic activity because it has lost almost all its internal heat, since it cools quickly.
Crust:
about 80 km thick, thinner on the face facing Earth and thicker on the opposite face, due to tidal forces.
Composition of Moon:
Caracteristics of the Moon:
It has a density 40% lower than that of the Earth.
It has a rocky surface and full of craters due to the impacts of large bodies that managed to pass through its thin atmosphere.
It is four times smaller than Earth.
The Moon is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System.
It is the only natural satellite on planet Earth.
Moon phases:
First quarter:
It is invisible one week after the new moon. half of the moon illuminated towards the earth. it is waxing because it is the first since the new moon phase.
Full moon:
This happens when the moon receives light from the sun. In this phase the earth is located between the sun and the moon.
New Moon:
It is characterized because its illuminated face is in the opposite direction to the Earth. it's because we can't see it often. In this phase the moon passes between the Earth and the sun.
Last quarter:
It occurs when the full moon rotates a quarter of a turn and shows half of its face illuminated. This is because the sun, the earth, and the moon are positioned at the correct angle.
Earth
Structure of Earth:
The hydrosphere:
A set of all the water that exists on earth, occupies three quarters of the earth, the water can be in a solid or gaseous liquid state, they are distributed in various ways around our planet.
The atmosphere:
it is the layer of air that covers the earth, formed by a mixture of gases and water vapor, it performs fundamental functions: it provides oxygen, stops heat and filters the sun's rays, some are harmful to living beings, divided into two layers:
- The troposphere:
which is the closest to the earth.
- The stratosphere:
which is where the ozone layer is located, it is the most distant layer on our planet.
The geosphere:
it is the solid part of the earth and the core, mantle and crust are divided into three layers.
- The mantle:
thick layer of the geosphere, temperatures are high, if some are formed, they melt.
- The crust:
it is the outer layer of the geosphere, composed of rocks.
- Core:
it is the innermost layer of the earth, it is made up of metals and its temperature is very high
Composition of Earth
Caracteristics of the Earth:
It is the densest.
It is the fifth largest of the eight planets in the solar system.
It is the largest of the four terrestrial or rocky.
Wealth of basic chemical elements.
A protective magnetic field.
Sun
Structure of Sun:
Chromosphere:
can only be seen in a solar eclipse; reddish color, with a very low density and a very high temperature, formed by rarefied gases and has strong magnetic fields.
Convective Zone:
in this zone the phenomenon of convection occurs (columns of hot gas rise to the surface), cool down and descend again.
Radioactive zone:
the particles that carry energy try to escape to the outside in a journey that lasts 100,000 years because they are continuously absorbed and re-emitted in a different direction.
Photosphere:
is a thin layer that is the part of the Sun, its temperature is 5,000 ° C.
Core:
it is the area of the Sun where nuclear fusion occurs (the solar energy generator).
Corona:
extensive layer, high temperatures and very low density, formed by rarefied gases and magnetic fields.
Composition of Sun:
Characteristics of the Sun:
It was formed between 4567.9 and 4570.1 million years.
constitutes the largest source of electromagnetic radiation in this planetary system.
It has a diameter of 1.4 million kilometers and could host 109 planets.
The Sun does not have a defined limit and in its external parts its density decreases exponentially with increasing distance from its center.
It is one of the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way).
Positions relative to the sun and the moon:
The phase of the moon determines the height of the tides, there are tides caused by the sun and others by the moon. When the attraction of the sun and the moon come together, the tides are great and we call them spring tides.
Astronomical phenomena in space:
There are many phenomena in space, some are invisible to humans and some are observed from time to time, these catch our attention: eclipses, auroras, rainbows, meteor showers and super moons.
Meteor shower:
A meteorite is a space rock that enters the Earth's atmosphere, as the resistance or friction of the air heats it down. When there are many meteorites at the same time, we decide that there is a “meteor shower”.
Auroras:
It is an atmospheric phenomenon produced by solar radiation and consists of the appearance of spots and luminous columns of various colors, it is observed in polar regions.
Super moon:
It is a phenomenon in which the moon is 10% of its closest point to Earth. It is because the lunar orbit is elliptical and its center does not correspond to the center of the Earth.
Rainbow:
It is an optical and meteorological phenomenon, it is the decomposition of sunlight in the continuous visible spectrum in the sky, it occurs by refraction (rays of the sun go through small drops of water).
Eclipses:
It is the partial or total darkening of a celestial body. The Earth, the moon, and the sun only have two: the lunar eclipse (occurs near the full moon phase) and the solar eclipse.
:
https://youtu.be/2HoTK_Gqi2Q
https://youtu.be/6AviDjR9mmo
https://youtu.be/ZSt9tm3RoUU
https://youtu.be/0KBjnNuhRHs
https://youtu.be/BvXa1n9fjow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCDVN7DCzYE
https://youtu.be/D8pnmwOXhoY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtkqwslbLY8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epZdZaEQhS0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4NXbFOiOGk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NStn7zZKXfE
https://youtu.be/KQyJOG9MMX8
