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CANCER - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Majority of cancers take place in the epithelial tissue = the type to line all body cavities
        
        Epithelial cells use a network relying on cell adhesion & polarity proteins
        
        Polarity proteins are key components for the initiation & growth of cancer
        
        Epithelial cells form carcinomas - they have a column-liked shape
        
        Carcinomas = changes in normal cell & tissue organization, as the process progresses it becomes increasingly disorganized + arise in carcinomas in the tissue counts for 90% of all the cancers (1)
      - Epithelial Tissue
      - Connective Tissue
        
        Cancer that impacts the connective tissue is known as soft-tissue sarcoma
        
        The "soft" means these cancers don't originate in bones as in osteosarcoma
        
        Soft-tissue sarcoma forms in extremities: arms & legs
        
        Soft-tissue sarcomas cancers typically form masses or give the limbs a sense of fullness + if the mass presses a nerve it can lead to tingling or numbness
        
        Soft-tissue sarcoma is more commonly found in children than adults
      - Muscle Tissue
        
        Cancer in the muscle tissue may develop a syndrome called cachexia
        
        Cachexia is when the cancer caused muscle atrophy or muscle wasting = the muscles begin to waste away or disappear
        
        Tumours grown in the muscle tissue can trigger the muscle cells to self-destruct
        
        Cancer in the muscle tissue can also cause a chemical imbalance = affecting the muscles function
      - Brain Tissue
        
        Tumours have the ability to develop in the brain tissue but often start growing in the brain tissue after metastasis
        
        Tumours in the brain tissue don't have unlimited space for growth therefore displace existing tissue - this can cause blockages for cerebrospinal fluid
- - - - Smoking is a lifestyle habitat that is a risk factor for lung cancer
- - - - The type of cancer is also determined by its cancer cells and their DNA & genes = some cancer cells grow faster, are terminal, and some only can thrive in certain areas of the body
    - - How developed & spread out the cancer is when discovered determines what stage of cancer the patient has
        
        Stage 1&2 refer to a cancer in the beginning stages that has yet to spread
        
        Diagnosing Cancer
        
        Cancer can be diagnosed through the seeing of shadows/masses in X-rays, endoscopes, and biopsy
        
        A biopsy =
        
        A real life representation of a Biopsy =
        
        Cancer can also be found through cancer screening: a screening that takes place with no cancer related symptoms present
        
        A biopsy is a technique where samples of tissues are used for cancer tests and to be examine closer for abnormalities
        
        Cancer can also be noticed through symptoms: the patient could experience slight discomfort, tiredness, loosing or gaining weight, or other health complications
        
        Cancer Symptoms
        
        Patients with bladder cancer can experience trouble urinating, blood in the urine, or change in urinating patterns
        
        Patients with colon cancer can experience change in bowel habits, and blood in the stools
        
        Patients with breast cancer can experience lumps & firmness on or underneath the breast, nipple changes & discharge, skin in the area that is itchy, red, scaly, dimpled, or puckered
        
        Patients with neurological/brain cancer can experience severe headaches, seizures, vision change, hearing change, and drooping of the face
        
        Patients with skin cancer can experience a flesh coloured lump that bleeds or turns scaly, a new mole or change in existing mole, a sore that won't heal, or jaundice
        
        Patients with soft-tissue sarcoma cancer can experience swelling, lumps, or the feeling fullness in the contaminated body part
        
        Many cancerous patients can experience bleeding or bruising of no known reason, cough or hoarseness that never gets better, eating problems and appetite change, vomiting, sever tiredness, fevers & night sweats, white or red patches in the mouth or on the tongue, bleeding, pain, or numbness of the lips & mouth, and unknown weight gain or loss
        
        Stage 3&4 refers to a cancer that is well developed and has gone through metastasis and has spread to other areas of the body
    - - Tumours
        
        Tumours are lumps or growths formed from mass amounts of abnormal cells that can be either malignant or benign
        
        Benign tumours are non-cancerous and typically stay in one location, once the tumour is removed it usually doesn't come back
        
        A diagram of a tumour
        
        Malignant tumours are cancerous and will spread to nearby organs & tissues, cancerous tumours are more likely to reappear again later on
      - Leukaemia, lymphoma, and myeloma are examples of hematologic cancer
        
        Lymphoma forms from B cells or T cells
        
        B cells can form Reed-Stern-berg cells that provide the patient with Hodgkin lymphoma disease
        
        Myeloma is a cancer that starts in plasma cells: the abnormal cells will lead to build up & tumours
        
        Leukaemia is formed from large numbers of white blood cells
      - Breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal are examples of solid tumour cancer
- - - - Radiation = Use high-powered energy beams to kill cancer cells
      - Bone Marrow Transplant = Use stem cells of your own or donor to increase chemo dosage & replace diseased bone marrow
      - Chemotherapy = Use drugs to kill cancer cells
      - Immunotherapy = Assists the body's immune system to see the cancer as a negative and attack it
      - Surgery = remove the cancer
      - Hormone Therapy = Removing hormones that generate certain cancers (breast cancer) to stop the growth of cancer cells
      - Targeted Drug Therapy = focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells
      - Cryoablation = Uses a cryoprobe needle to freeze the tumour & then it thaws - the repeated pattern kills the cancer cells
      - Radio-frequency ablation = A needle is inserted into the skin to heat the cancer cells killing them
      - Clinical Trails = studies to investigate new cancer treatments
    - - CAR T-cell therapy
        
        This new therapy uses some of your own T-cells from your immune system to Treat cancer
        
        The doctors will take out some of the T-cells and alter them, adding new genes = make the cells stronger & better fighters against cancer cells