Human development and relationships
John Bowlby
Infancy
childhood
adolescence and adulthood
birth
display contentment, interest and distress
6 months
joy, surprise, disgust and sadness emerge
18-24 months
secondary emotions like shame and embarrassment
such emergence of emotions are innate, caregivers may influence these by reinforcing certain emotions
over the first two years
emotional regulation develops
attachment-related fears of separation anxiety and stranger anxiety also develop during the first two years of life and gradually decline as children get older
attachment theory
Attachment forms in progressive phases; from undiscriminating social responsiveness at birth to discriminating social responsiveness, true attachment and finally goal-corrected partnership
mary ainsworth
creator of strange situation
parents are still important figures
children of schooling age also become more dependent on peers for social and emotional support
style of play that children engage in also changes over childhood
solitary play to more social and cooperative forms of play
pretend play to more organised and rule-governed forms of play
peer relations become increasingly important
Peer acceptance and popularity seem to depend mainly on the social and emotion-regulation skills that the individual child has learned
children who are rejected by their peers face
end up with poor self-esteem
loses opportunities to learn social skill
develop negative attitudes towards others.
securely attached adolescents tend to have greater
self-esteem and social competence n better emotional adjustment
Individual friendships and the larger peer group are important to adolescents, and pave the way for romantic relationships
adults social convoy
relatives, friends, colleagues
enlarge in early adulthood, but shrink later in life
increase in responsibilities in adulthood
socioemotional selectivity theory in older adults
states that older adults who perceive that they have little time left choose to limit their range of social partners to those who bring them emotional pleasure, such as family members and close friends, and allow other social relationships to lapse
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separation anxiety
stranger anxiety