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Hazards - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Preventing an earthquake is thought to be almost impossible
      - Lubricating plates with water or oil may allow them to slide past eachother
    - - Education: teaching the population on what to do in case of an earthquake. E.g. securing homes, assembling 'earthquake kits', practicing earthquake drills at school, stocking up on essentials
      - Fire prevention: smart meters can cut off the gas if an earthquake of sufficient magnitude occurrs
      - Hazard-resistant structures: large rubber shock absorbers at the foundation of buildings, concrete counter-weights aided by a computer programme, cross-bracing
      - Land-use planning: schools and hospitals should be put in low risk areas. Important to have sufficient open space too
      - Insurance: people are urged to take out insurance in richer areas, to cover their losses
      - Aid: providing medical services, tents, water purification equipment, food, etc.
      - Tsunami protection: automated systems can give warnings. Some countries have built prevention walls up to 12m in height, which have proved not very effective
    - - Attempts are based upon monitoring groundwater levels, release of radon gas, and unusual animal behaviours
      - Predicting earthquakes is very difficult
  - - - 1,000 buildings collapsed in the city centre
      - The spire of Christchurch Cathedral was brought down
      - Nearly 7,000 people treated for injuries
      - 10,000 houses in the suburbs had to be demolished
      - Death toll of 185
      - Widespread soil liquefaction in the suburbs
      - Rebuild cost of NZ$ 40 billion
    - - NZ experiences over 20,000 earthquakes per year
      - Risk to people is minimal since most of the area is sparsely populated, apart from the city. Housing density is also low
      - NZ is an earthquake prone country as it lies on the pacific ring of fire
      - Earthquake resistant buildings are popular in NZ due to it's geological position
- - - - Breakwaters
      - Flood barriers
      - Sea walls
    - - some research has been done on cloud seeding. Where if a storm is forced to release more water, it could weaken the storm
      - Tropical storms cannot be prevented
    - - People are then warned to evacuate an area
      - Evacuation costs are expensive, therefore it is important that there are no false alarms
      - data from satellites can be compared with computer models so a path for the storm can be predicted