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Paper 1 revision-Challenge of natural hazards - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Beast from the East
        
        10 people died
        
        Wind speeds exceeding 70mph
        
        Hundreds of people stranded across the UK as roads became impassable
        
        British Airways cancelled a huge number of short-haul flights from airports like Heathrow. Many rail services were cancelled
        
        Rural (countryside) areas experienced temperature lows of up to -12°C
        
        Average of 10 to 20cm of snow fell in three days
        
        Snow drifts in excess of 7m in places
        
        NHS cancelled non- urgent operations
        
        Thousands of schools were closed across the UK
        
        Supermarkets across the UK ran out of food as many “panic bought” supplies.
        
        Road traffic accidents - the AA estimated there were over 8000 collisions, including major incidents on the A1 Northumberland. People stuck in their cars overnight.
- - - - 235,000 people were moved to less-damaged cities away from Port-au-Prince.
      - The port needed rebuilding which required a large amount of investment.
      - Haiti was dependent on overseas aid.
      - The UK government donated £20 million.
      - New homes were built to a higher standard although the response was slow.
        One year after the earthquake, over one million people were still living in temporary shelters.
      - USA sent rescue teams and 10,000 troops.
      - Crucial aid was slow to arrive due to the damaged port.
      - Bottled water and purification tablets were provided
- - - - Fossil fuels: is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas
      - Geothermal: the natural heat and energy that is stored in the earth's crust
      - Greenhouse effect: is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere.
      - Ground deformation: changes to the shape of the volcano are measured using laser beams
      - Hazard risk: is the change or probability of being affected by a natural event
      - Hot spots: where the crust is thin and magma is able to break through to the surface e.g. the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean
      - Hurricane eye: the middle of the hurricane where the relatively cold air sinks towards the ground and warms up. There are no clouds here and the conditions are calm
      - Hurricanes: an intense, rotating low-pressure system that has organised thunderstorms. When winds reach 74mph it is called a Hurricane. Also known as a cyclone or a typhoon.
      - Immediate response: search and rescue and keeping survivors alive by providing medical care, food, water and shelter
      - Interglacial period: the warmer periods in between the quaternary period
      - Long-term response: re-building and reconstruction with the aim of returning people’s lives back to normal and reducing future risk
      - Monitoring: using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as volcanic eruptions
      - Natural hazard: a natural event e.g. earthquake or volcano that has the potential to harm people and human activities
      - Oceanic crust: the outer layer of the earth’s structure found beneath the sea. It is thinner and denser than continental crust
      - Planning: identifying areas most at risk e.g. hazard maps and educating people in order to minimise loss of life
      - Plate margins: the point where plates meet. Each plate is in motion relative to its neighbour, resulting in earthquakes and volcanoes
      - Precession: this describes the Earth’s natural ‘wobble’
      - Prediction: using historical evidence and monitoring, scientists can make predictions about when and where a natural hazard may happen
      - Primary effects: are the immediate impacts caused by a natural hazard e.g. ground shaking in an earthquake leads to deaths, injuries and buildings collapsing
      - Protection: designing methods e.g. earthquake-proof buildings to minimise the risk to humans and prevent loss of life and injury
      - Quaternary period: glacial periods when parts of Europe and North America qz\zz
    - - Remote sensing: satellites detect heat and changes to the volcano's shape
      - Richter scale: used to rate the magnitude of an earthquake; that is the amount of energy released by an earthquake
      - Secondary effects: are caused by the primary effects and are the long term effects that might be felt for weeks or months after the hazard e.g. fires, landslides
      - Seismograph: an instrument used to detect and record earthquakes
      - Subduction: when more dense oceanic crust moves down and underneath the continental crust into the mantle where it melts
      - Sunspots: is a dark patch that appears from time to time on the surface of the sun
      - Volcano: a mountain or hill, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapour, and gas are or have been erupted from the earth's crust