Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Grammer - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Simple future
      - Future continuous
      - Future perfect
    - - Simple past
        
        Show that an action has been completed in the past, and more often than not, a specific time is mentioned in the sentence.
        
        My dad went for a seminar last week.
      - Past continous
      - Past perfect
      - Past perfect continuous
    - - Present perfect continuous
      - Present perfect
        
        Show a past action where the specific time is not mentioned.
        
        I have seen him before
        
        He has finished his lunch.
        
        Show an action that began in the past but is still continuing
        
        We have known each other for many years.
        
        I have made use this concept for quite a while.
        
        Indicate an action which is just completed
        
        They have just arrived
        
        He has just written a book.
        
        Examples
        
        Someone has just moved(move) our things away without our knowledge.
        
        How do you know that someone has just touched(touch) your things? Could you have made(made) a mistake?
        
        We have known(know) each other for years; we have also treated(treat) each other like enemies for the equivalent number of years.
        
        In his career as a professional footballer, he has scored(score) multiple goals for his team.
        
        Miss Tan has taught(teach) us the concept before.You must have skipped(skip) her lessons to say that she has forgotten (forget) to teach that concept.
        
        Ever since she got cheated,she has not trusted(trust) anyone again.
        
        I have always loved(love) chocolates
        
        I have often asked(ask) if religion is nothing more than having faith.
        
        Prices have increased(increase) since the last time you came here.
        
        I have heard(hear) that there is a stray cat hiding in our school toilet but till today, I have not seen(see) it. Have you ever encountered(encounter) it before?
        
        The doctor has issued(issue) a medical certificate to certify that Tom is unfit for work today.
        
        The movie star has arrived(arrive) in town and a bevy of fan has gathered(gather) at the airport to welcome him.
      - Present continuous
        
        Show that the action is happening now.
        
        verb + ing
        
        She is talking phone.on the
        
        The boys are playing in the football field
        
        Indicate that an action is often repeated
        
        Tina is always talking on the phone
        
        Why are you always shouting?
        
        Show an action that is going to occur soon
        
        The plumber is coming in ten minute's time
        
        My parents are going to Genting next month
        
        Examples
        
        Julia is picking (pick) up the phone to call Roman. Her mother is stopping (stop) her and asking her what she is up to.
        Julia's mother : What are you doing(do)? Aren't you supposed to be studying?
        Julia : Mum, I am just trying(try) to make a call. Why are you always jumping(jump) on my back?
        Julia's mother : I am not jumping(jump) on your back. I am just protecting(protect) you from harm.
        Julia's mother : You should know how your father is going(go) to fly into a rage if he knows that you are in love with the good-for-nothing Roman.
        Julia : Please, Mum! I am doing(do) my homework and I need someone to discuss my work with.
        Julia's mother walks away and Julia calls Roman.
        Julia : Hi, darling, what are you doing(do)?
        Roman : I am talking(talk) to you on the phone.
        Julia : Ooohhh... You are so sweet. What am I hearing(hear) in the background?
        Roman : It is my mother who is hollering(holler) at me.
        Julia : Oh dear...Am I causing(cause) you too much trouble?
        Roman : No... It is just that our love is encountering(encounter) too many obstacles.
        At that,Roman and Julia sigh.
        
        In the following episode, a boy is secretly playing(play) games on his computer when his mother checks(check) on him from outside the room.
        Mother: Jerry, what are you doing(do) in the room?
        Jerry: Mum, why are you disturbing(disturb) me again? I am doing(do) my homework!
        Mother: You am doing(do) your homework? Are you sure, or are you engaging(engage) in senseless banter with your friends online?
        Jerry: Mum,you are questioning(question) my integrity.If you don't believe me, why don't you just come in and have a look?
        Jerry quickly minimises(minimise) his game screen and pretends (pretend) to work on the word processor. Mother enters(enter) and is(be) pleased to see her son working so hard.
        Mother: Oh, Jerry, I shouldn't have doubted you.
        Jerry: It's okay, Mum. You are doing(do) this for my own good. I understand(understand) that.
        A loud explosive noise emanates(emanate) from the computer speakers. Jerry forces (he has been playing war games) have just been eliminated.
        Mother: And so, you have been studying huh?
        Jerry:Uh..(smiles sheepishly)
      - Simple present
        
        The boy run
        
        The boy runs
        
        Is used to:
        
        Show habitual action
        
        Anil swims once a week
        
        Rashi goes to school every day.
        
        Mother visits the library whenever she is fee
        
        State a general statement
        
        The sun rises in the east
        
        The earth is round
        
        Cats are animals
        
        General statements are usually facts that do not change
        
        Talk about a planned future
        
        The next train leaves at 6 o'clock
        
        Ali flies of this coming Saturday
        
        Exclaim about something
        
        Here comes the class prefect!
        
        Show a future action 'if' clauses,'unless' clauses, time clauses and relative defining clauses
        
        If I succeed I will thank my family for their support
        
        Unless I apologise, he will never forgive
        
        When he leaves,stop him and check his bag
        
        Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns:
        
        Who
        
        That
        
        Which
        
        Whose
        
        Where
        
        When