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The 17th century, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - A group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia expelled the Catholics and appointed a Protestant king.
    - - The Emperor had the support of the German Catholics, the King of Spain (who was also from the Habsburg dynasty) and Portugal.
    - - To prevent a Catholic victory, the Lutheran King of Denmark intervened, supported by England.
      - The United Provinces (the northern Low Countries) resumed their fight against Spain
    - - The German Catholics seized the opportunity to take the Protestants' possessions.
      - The King of Sweden came to their aid, creating a greater balance of military power
  - - - The Spanish monarchy lost their dominance over Europe
        
        The independence of the northern Low Countries was recognised.
      - The sovereignty of the German states was recognised
        
        Religious tolerance and limits on the power held by the Emperor were established.
      - Sweden became the dominant state on the Baltic coast.
      - France obtained territories in the Holy Roman Empire and became the leading power in Europe
  - - - His reign had the following characteristics:
        
        The monarch held unrestricted power
        
        He made the laws and governed through decrees.
        
        He had a large court of advisors
        
        who lived with him in the luxurious Palace of Versailles.
        
        He increased the number of officials acting under his orders
        
        secretaries of state
        
        police
        
        mayors
        
        magistrates
        
        He gave the administrative officials
        
        who came from the bourgeoisie, professional status.
        
        He had a board of governors
        
        consisting of ministers who acted under the orders of a Prime Minister or Chancellor.
        
        He expanded the diplomatic corps.
        
        He had an extremely well organised professional army
        
        They had access to better weapons and built defensive fortresses.
        
        He intervened in the economy
        
        instigating the following developments for his own benefit including, among others, the introduction of duties and the creation of royal workshops.
- - - - During Felipe III's reign, his valido, the Duke of Lerma governed. Spain was bankrupt, so to reduce expenses the armed conflicts were ended
      - In 1609, the expulsion of the Moriscos was ordered. They were accused of being fake christians and of practising their own religion in secret.
    - - Felipe IV delegated power to his valido, Count-Duke of Olivares, who attempted to regain power over Europe.
      - One of these reforms was the Union of Arms, which proposed that all the kingdoms ruled by the Spanish monarchy provide soldiers and funds to cover the cost of the European wars.
      - Spain went bankrupt several times and after many years at war, the toll it was taking provoked numerous domestic rebellions
    - - Carlos II was a minor when he came to the throne, and was also suffering from an illness. Different validos took power during his reign.
  - - - imposed Felipe V as King of Spain. Both kingdoms were governed by the Bourbon dynasty.
    - - gained the Spanish Low Countries, Naples, Sardinia and Milan. Savoy acquired Sicily.
    - - gained Gibraltar, Minorca and the French colonies in North America. It also obtained trade concessions with the Spanish colonies (a monopoly on slaves)
    - - lost its European territories but maintained the ones it held in the Americas. This was the lowest point in Spain's decline from then onwards, it began to recover slowly.