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THE 17th CENTURY
Spain in the 17th century
During the 17th century, the Austrian Habsburgs ruled Spain
During this century, the Spanish monarchy fell into decline
On the Peninsula, the economic situation worsened
The Austrian Habsburgs freed themselves of their governmental obligations by delegating power to their trusted advisors
Acted as prime ministers and were known as validos
The validos used their power to become rich and give positions of power and priviledges to their supporters and family
The Austrian Habsburgs
Felipe III
During Felipe III's reign, his valido, the Duke of Lerma governed
Spain was bankrupt
To reduce expenses the armed conflicts were ended
In 1609, the expulsion of the Moriscos was ordered
They were accused of being fake christians and of practising their own religion in secret
Felipe IV
Delegated power to his valido
Count-Duke of Olivares
Atempted to regain power over Europe
Spain took part in new wars
Thirty Years' War
One of these reforms was the Union of Arms
Proposed that all the kingdoms ruled by the Spanish monarchy provide soldiers and funds to cover the cost of the European wars
Spain went bankrupt several times
After many years at war, the toll it was taking provoked numerous domestic rebellions
Following the Peace of Westphalia
Spain focused on controlling its domestic revolts, while simultaneously resuming its war against France
In 1652, the royal army took control of Barcelona and ended the revolt in Cataluña
Felipe IV's troops were defeated by the French army
Spain was forced to sign a peace treaty with France
The Treaty of the Pyrenees
The consequences of the Treaty of the Pyrenees
France renounced Catalonia but gained the Catalonian territories of Roussillon and Cerdanya, as well as territories in Flanders
A marriage was arranged between Louis XIV and Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and the daughter of Felipe IV
Carlos II
Was a minor when he came to the throne
And was also suffering from an illness
France continued its hostilities against a weak Spain, gaining more territories
Left no heirs, creating a serious conflict over succession when he died
The war of succession
Carlos II named Felipe, Duke of Anjou, as his successor to the Spanish throne
In all the other countries this decision caused great fear.
An anti-Bourbon alliance was formed and Carlos was proposed as a candidate for the throne
This caused the War of Succession
The candidates and their supporters
Felipe was proclaimed King of Spain in Madrid
He was supported by Castile and France
The Archduke Carlos was proclaimed King of Spainin Barcelona
He also had the military support of a coalition
Was recognised by the Courts of Aragón, Valencia and Cataluña
The consequences of the War of Succession
France imposed Felipe V as King of Spain
Austria gained the Spanish Low Countries, Naples, Sardinia and Milan
Savoy acquired Sicily
Great Britain gained Gibraltar, Minorca and the French colonies in North America
Spain lost its European territories but maintained the ones it held in the Americas
The kingdom of Spain became a centralised state, based on the French model
Felipe V passed the Nueva Planta' decrees
The thirty years' war
Took place between 1618 and 1648
Was caused by the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
The main phases of this war
The intervention of Denmark
To prevent a Catholic victory, the Lutheran King of Denmark intervened, supported by England
The Protestants were defeated and signed the Surrender of Breda in 1626
Protestant uprising in Bohemia
A group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia expelled the Catholics and appointed a Protestant king
The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, fought against them
France joined the conflict
After the Surrender of Breda, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire became much more powerful. This preoccupied France
Two sides were formed
The Emperor had the support of the German Catholics, the King of Spain and Portugal
The Protestants formed an alliance with Germany
They were defeated
Swedish participation
After this defeat, the German Catholics seized the opportunity to take the Protestants' possessions
The King of Sweden came to their aid, creating a greater balance of military power
The Spanish monarchy
Lost their dominance over Europe
The independence of the northern Low Countries was recognised
This new country became a great trading and naval power, controlling the trade routes to Asia
The German states
The sovereignty of the German states was recognised
Religious tolerance and limits on the power held by the Emperor were established
Sweden
Became the dominant state on the Baltic coast
France
Obtained territories in the Holy Roman Empire and became the leading power in Europe
France and absolutism
In the monarchies of the Modern Age
The kings increased their power. However, when absolute monarchies were established, all the power was held by the king
France became the main example of an absolute monarchy under King Louis XIV in France
His reign had some characteristics
He increased the number of officials acting under his orders
Police
Secretaries of state
Mayors
Magistrates
He gave the administrative officials
He had a large court of advisors
He had a board of governors, consisting of ministers who acted under the orders of a Prime Minister or Chancellor
The monarch held unrestricted power
He expanded the diplomatic corps
He had an extremely well organised professional army.
He intervened in the economy
Absolutism was supported by the Church
England and the parliamentary system
The English King Charles I was an absolutist monarch
He needed to raise money, he summoned Parliament to increase taxes
A civil war broke out (1642-1648) between the King's and Parliament's supporters
Parliament consisted of the Puritan bourgeoisie and Anglican nobles
Parliament expelled the King and replaced him with William III
This new monarch was willing to obey Parliament
In Europe, republics governed by a parliament had already been established
Venice
Geneva
Holland
English Parliament consisted of two groups, who governed alternately
The House of Lords, who represented the higher nobility
The House of Commons, who acted in the name of the bourgeoisie
Freedom of the press was respected and positions were allocated through a voting system
