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Pneumonia - Coggle Diagram
Pneumonia
Interventions
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Monitor lab studies-an elevated WBC count suggests infection, blood & sputum cultures may identify causative agent
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Monitor & record vital signs-an elevated temp increases O2 demand, hypotension, tachycardia may suggest hypovolemic shock
Monitor & record color, consistency, & amount of sputum-sputum amount & consistency may indicate hydration status & effectiveness of therapy, foul smelling suggests resp infection
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Force fluids to 3 qts (3L/day) & administer IV fluids to help liquefy secretions to aid in their removal
Provide suction & assist with turning, coughing, deep breathing to promote mobilization & removal of secretions
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Pertinent Findings
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IV fluids
- Delivering fluids, medication, or blood directly into a vein.
Medical Prevention
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- two pneumococcal vaccines for those 65 years of age and older
- A dose of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) first
- Post follow up with 1 year later by a dose of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23)
- Younger than 65, another dose is not recommended.
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Signs & Symptoms
- Abrupt onset of fever
- Chills
- Cough
- Side pain
- Sputum production (phlegm)
- Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
- Dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing)
- Headache
- Fatigue
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Bacterial pneumonia symptoms:
- abrupt explosive onset
- Severe
- Shaking chills
- Sharp/ stabbing lateral chest pain (coughing and breathing)
Viral pneumonia symptoms
- burning or searing chest pain in the sternal area
- a continuous, hacking, barking cough producing small amounts of sputum
headache
Pathophysiology
1.When pathogens invade the lungs.
2.The inflammatory process causes fluid to accumulate in the affected alveoli.
- Hepatization, capillaries dilate and neutrophils, red blood cells (RBCs), and fibrin fill the alveoli, causing the lung to appear red and granular.
4.Blood flow decreases and leukocytes (white blood cells)
5.Fibrin infiltrates the area and consolidate (solidify).
6.The consolidated material dissolves, is ingested and removed by macrophages.
The cause of pneumonia: Viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Common causes of viral pneumonia:
-Influenza
-Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).Common cause of bacterial pneumonia:
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
-Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) caused by a fungus, Pneumocystis jirovecii )
How does it occur?
- In immunocompromised individuals.
- Eith human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
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Medical
Treatment
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Chest physiotherapy, postural drainage & incentive spirometry
Dietary changes including establishing a high calorie, high protein diet & forcing fluids
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Nutritional support including nutrition if patient requires intubation (Enteral, IV TPN, Lipids)
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Antipyretics: aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Bronchodilators: metaproterenol (Alupent), isoetharine (Bronchosol), albuterol (Proventil)