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Educational Policy - Coggle Diagram
Educational Policy
New Labour Educational Policies 1997-2010
Education Action Zones
Education Maintenance Allowance
National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies
Reduced class sizes in primary schools
Raising the school leaving age
Introduction of Academies
Introduction of Specialist schools
:red_cross: Schools have become too test focused reducing real diversity of educational experience = less able to think critically
:red_cross: The private school system still exists meaning those with money can still get a better education
:red_cross: New Labour have not improved equality of educational opportunity = gap between classes is growing due to selection by postcode & creamskimming
The New Right and Selection Policies
Selection Process
Selection by postcode
Selection by ability
Selection by aptitude
Selection by faith
Consumer choice
Chubb and Moe
All state schools should follow marketisation and selection principles and become more like private schools
Allowing market forces to rule in education as they do in any business would drive up standards, ensure high quality education for all and thus closing attainment gaps between different groups of pupils
Parentocracy
David
David argued that the move towards marketisation of education creates power shift from the producers to consumers resulting in parentocracy (rule by parents)
This would lead to a fall in the amount of revenuer the unpopular schools and allows the successful and popular schools to expand
Inspection Reports
Rutter
Found that outstanding schools had successfully addressed the Ofsted criteria & did well regardless of pupils' social background
:red_cross: Flawed system
:red_cross: Left 'outstanding' schools alone for years
:red_cross: Focused more on the poorer schools/colleges
Parental Choice
Gewritz
Claims marketisation policies benefit middle class as working class areas will only be able to go to working class schools with lower results & standards
Privileged skilled choosers
Middle class parents, lots of cultural capital, understands complexities of schools
Disconnected local choosers
Working class parents, judge where their child should go from family & friends
Semi skilled choosers
Mobile working class parents, know what school their child would like to go to but are unsure on how to achieve this
Covert Selection
Tough and Brooks
To describe when schools try to discourage parents from socio- economic backgrounds from applying by doing things such as making literature difficult to understand (meaning they won't apply)
WHY MIDDLE CLASS CAN MANIPULATE THE SYSTEM
shdufghsekushe
Working class parents won't be able to take time off work (as they work irregular shifts) to be able to go to school open days to ensure their child gets into the best school
PROBLEMS WITH INVESTIGATING HOW MIDDLE CLASS 'PLAYS THE SYSTEM'
:red_cross: Most schools wish to represent themselves as having a fair admissions policy and welcoming all applicants, so they may not welcome research that suggests otherwise
:red_cross: Some ways middle class parents may 'play the system' may ne hidden like having friends who work in education meaning the researcher won't be able to find this info
CRITICISMS OF MARKETISATION AND SELECTION POLICIES
:red_cross:
League Tables
Good schools can avoid taking less able pupils who are likely to get poor results
:red_cross:
Cream- skimming
Schools get better results= schools become popular= can 'cream skim' pupils= increased funding
:red_cross:
Funding formula
Popular schools get more funding so can afford better qualified teachers and better facilities
:red_cross:
The myth of parentocracy
Parentocracy makes it appear that all parents have the same freedom to choose which school to send their children to (which they don't)
Coalition Government Policies
2010-2015
:red_cross: Crtics argue that cutting sure start and the EMA has reduced opportunities for working class pupils & uni fees may discourage them from doing higher education
:red_cross: A part of the coalition government's austerity programme , spending on areas of education such as spending on school buildings were cut by 60%, uni fees were tripled
Expansion of academies
:red_cross: New Labour critics claim that academies will benefit more privileged neighbourhoods, leaving schools governed by local authorities as 2nd best choice
:red_cross: The national union of teachers claim that the move towards academies could spell the end of state provided education but could segregate and fragment communities
Introduction of free schools
:red_cross: Middle class parents have a greater chance of setting up free schools because they have cultural capital to help them in the complicated process of setting up a school
:red_cross: Free schools have the freedom to employ teachers who don't have a teaching qualification
Fragmented centralisation
-
Fragmentation of control
= The comprehensive system is being replaced by a patchwork of diverse provision = more options for middle class and less for working class
Centralisation of control
= Government has the power to allow schools to become academies = less control on education education to local authorities
Educational Policy in Britain before 1988
The 1944 Education Act - The tripartite system
Children in their final year of primary school took the 11+ exams (an intelligence test) and were then selected schools based off their results
Grammar Schools
For pupils who passed - were offered an academic curriculum and access to non-manual jobs
Secondary Modern Schools
For pupils who failed - were offered a practical curriculum and access to manual jobs
Secondary Technical Schools
For pupils who failed but displayed artistic abilities (VERY RARE)
The comprehensive school system
Comprehensive schools -
Functionalists-
Created meritocracy & equal opportunities for everyone
Marxists-
Streaming was introduced - Middle class children = high streams. Working class children = low streams -- may lead to self fulfilling prophecy
Compulsory education-
Functionalists
Positive
Transmits shared norms & values
Supports meritocracy
Role allocation = specialist skills = increase economy
Marxists
Negative
Supports capitalism = reinforces the obedient workforce , teaches capitalist ideology
Reinforces class inequality
The Privatisation of Education
:check:
Chubb and Moe
argue that privatising education would allow teachers to worry about the classroom but draw on the expertise of entrepreneurs for everything else, thus improving standards :check: The introduction of marketisation within education has increased competition between schools and driven up standards
:red_cross:
Ball
says the 'cola- isation' of schools - the private sector penetrates schools through vending machines and the development of brand loyalty through logos and sponsorships
:red_cross: Increasing inequality of educational provision as private companies 'cherry pick' the best schools to take over and leave the worst schools under local education authority control
Transfer of public assets such as schools to private companies -
Companies compete with each other to supply software to the education sector whether it be resources for teachers or programmes to track pupil's progress
Academic qualifications which were previously controlled by uni academics have now been privatised eg Edexcel is now owned by the US company Pearson
Academic chains are gradually 'swallowing up' schools such as the Harris foundation which now runs over 40 schools
Educational Policy in Britain after 1988
Marketisation
The central ideas in how education would model business'
Schools get their own budget to control which is received from the government
Changing the way schools were funded (PAYED PER PUPIL) meaning more successful schools = more budget
Proving consumers (PARENTS) with information based on which they can compare performance between other providers (SCHOOLS) through league tables & Oftsed
Education reform act
Policies to promote marketisation of education include- shbivsibawidbs
Publication of league tables and Oftsed inspection reports that rank each school
Introduction of national curriculum meaning all schools teach the same subjects
Open enrolment policy was introduced meaning successful schools could recruit more pupils, creating competition between other schools
Globalisation of Education
Curriculum
= Education is now more multicultural (all schools teach about the 6 world religions in RE)
Multinational corporations
= The growth of global ICT companies + global media more generally challenges the authority of traditional schooling
Job Market
= Increased competition for jobs abroad meant the New Labour increased spending on education
Global Comparisons
= Global league tables such as PISA are produced by organisations such as the OECD so ranking of educational performance involves whole countries
Privatisation
=
Ball
realises that unis have marketed themselves to a global audience, often setting up branches overseas such as Liverpool = China near Shanghai
:red_cross: O'Toole et al - the prevent agenda was actually designed to spy on muslim people in the wake of the 7/7 bombings = it increases islamophobia and justified UK foreign policy in countries like Iraq
:red_cross: Privatisation has impacted some schools than others eg-private schools/unis = less relevant for comprehensive
Conservative Government Policies
Intro of EBacc
EBacc is a new performance indicator which measured the percentage of students in school achieve 5 of more A*- C grades
Government argues that schools are encouraging pupils to take non academic subjects to improve their league table positions
:red_cross: Some people see the intro of EBacc and the subjects it includes as 'turning back the clock in education'
:red_cross: Critics see it as slowly getting rid of vocational subjects