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Digestive System Valerie Perez Period-2 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive System Valerie Perez Period-2
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Alimentary Canal (GI Tract)
Digests food & absorbs the building
Long irregularly shaped tube at both ends (30 ft)
Large Intestine
Digestion by bacteria
Absorption of water & salt
5ft long, wider
Subdivisions
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Transverse colon
Rectum
Ascending
Anal canal (anus)
Cecum
Stomach
J shaped, hold 1L+
Mixing & holding chamber, chemical & mechanical digestion
3 Parts:
Body - Central main part
Pylorus (pyloric) - lower narrow section
Cardia & Fundus - Enlarged opening next to esophagus (upper section)
Esophagus
Passageway leading to stomach through a diaphragm opening
Connects pharynx to stomach
Moves food (bolus) by peristalsis
Connects to stomach at lower esophageal sphincter
Pharynx
Receives food from mouth
Passageway for food & air from mouth to esophagus
Three parts: Nasopharynx, Oropharnyx, Laryngopharnyx
Small Intestine
Breaks down food from stomach & absorbs nutrients from food
22ft long
Illoceacal sphincter (valve) joins small to large intestines cecum
3 Sections:
Ilium - Absorbs vitamins & bile salts
Jejunum - Absorption
Duodenum - Most fixed in place
Mouth
Begins mechanical digestion by mastication
Saliva - enzymes
Anterior opening - oral office
Food is moved towards (bolus) to pharnyx
Accessory Digestive Organs
Teeth
Masticate food into smaller pieces
Mechanical breakdown of food
4 Types:
Incisors - cut
Canines (Cuspid) - tear & shred
Premolars (Bicuspid) - crush & grind
Molars - crush & grind
Crown, neck, root
Gall Bladder
Stores bile for liver & under surface of the liver
Concentrates & stores bile produced in the liver, to release into small intestine (duodenum)
Pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juice into duodenum
Enzymes to digest nutrients:
Protease
Trypsin
Lipase
Amylase
Liver
Converts carbohydrates & proteins to fata
Largest internal organ
Regulates most chemical levels in blood & excretes bile into duodenum
Salivary Glands
Contains serous cells that produce a watery fluid with salivary amylase
Receive parasympathetic - Triggers production of large volume of saliva at sight/smell of food
Patroid glands - Front of ear, secrete clear, serous in amylase
Submandibular glands - On floor mouth, secrete more viscous fluid
Sublingual glands - Inferior to tongue, secrete saliva that is thick & stringy
Tongue
Thick muscular organ covered by mucus
Moves & mixes food with saliva
bolus created with food & saliva
Location of Digestion & Absorption of each macromolecule
Protein
Protein - peptidases - amino acids
Digestion & absorption of proteins mostly occurs in small intestine
Begins in stomach chemical digestion, turn protein into smaller polypeptides
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acid - nucleases - nucleotides
Digested in small intestine with help of pancreatic enzyme & enzymes produced by small intestine
Absorption mainly occurs in duodenum & jejunum
Carbohydrates
Digestion of them begin mouth with the mechanical action of chewing
Most carbohydrates digestion occurs in the small intestine
Broken down by salivary & pancreatic amylase
End were left off with glucose, fructose, & galactose, where they can now be absorbed
Disorders of the Digestive System
Jaundice - Yellow skin discoloration due to excessive ammounts of bile of blood
Hepatitis - An inflammation of the liver
Gallstones - Blocks bile duct
Cirrhosis - Chronic inflammation of the liver resulting alcoholism, or chronic hepatitis
Major Functions of the Digestive System
Absorption - Chemically digested food moves from intestine into blood & lymph
Digestion - Breakdown of food into smaller molecules
Mechanical & chemical digestion
Digestion & absorption of food from metabolism
Layers of GI Tract
Submucosa
Areolar ct containing major blood vessel
Submuscosal plexus - autonomic nerve supply
Glands & lymphatic tissue
Muscular Layer
2 layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis & segmentation
Inne circular layer - Squeeze, decreases size of lumen, some areas acts as a sphincter/valves
Outer longitudinal layer - Shortens intestine
Mucosa
Lamina Propia - Areolar ct, blood & lymphatic vessels & lymph node for nourishment & immunity
Muscular Mucosae - Two thin layer of smooth muscles
Epithelium - Protection against friction, in mouth, esophagus & anus
Serosa
Outer covering of the GI tract
Serous membrane, had thin layer of areolar ct & simple squamous epithelium
Attaches the digestive tract to wall of the abdominopelvic cavity by forming folds called mesenteries
Digestive Enyzymes
Lactase - Breaks down into smaller sugar called glucose & galactose
Maltase - Produces simple sugar glucose
Sucrase - Aids in breakdown into glucose & fructose, used as body fuel
Amylase - Polysaccharides into disaccharides & monosaccharides
Pepsin (Peptidases) - Stomach enzyme, serves to digest proteins found in ingested food