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THEORIES, PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL THEORIES - Coggle Diagram
THEORIES
PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL THEORIES
CONSTITUTIONAL THEORIES
WILLIAM SHELDON - 3 BODY TYPES
Endomorphs - relaxed, comfortable, extroverted ‘softies’
Lined to personality and temperament
Mesomorphs - active, assertive, lust for power
Degree of mesomorphy could predict criminality
Ectomorphs - intervertebral, overly sensitive, love privacy
EVALUATION OF CESARE LOMBROSO
Confused psychopathology for criminality
No control group
Correlation doesn’t = causality
EVIDENCE AND EVALUATION OF SHELDON'S THEORY
Sutherland 1951
Reanalysed using official criteria for delinquency and found no association
Research suggests a link between body build and criminality
Alternative explanations
Poverty = crime
Muscular build = aggressive and dominant personalities
Gluck and Gluck 1956
60% of delinquents mesomorphs - 31% of non delinquents
Sheldon 1949
Rated college students and delinquents had higher rate of mesomorphy compared to students M=4.6 M=3.8
Hart eat al 1982
Follow up of Sheldon’s study - most criminal mean rating M=5
CESARE LOMBROSO
Physical differences between criminals and non criminals
Criminals throwback to more primitive times
Different criminals have different physiologies
Sex offenders - thick lips and protruding ears
Murderers - bloodshot eye, strong jaw, curly hair
NUROLOGICAL FACTORS
HEAD INJURY INFLUENCE
Lewis et al 1988
All 14 had history of head injury
Study of 14 death row juvenile offenders
8/14 sever enough to be hospitalised
Freedman and Hemenway 2000
88% (14) had history of head injury
Study of 16 death row inmates
Lewis 1986
12 of 15 showed neurological impairment
All 15 claimed history of head injury
Study of death row inmates
ADOPTION STUDY
EVALUATION OF ADOPTION STUDIES
Not all are adopted at birth - difficult to determine genes or environment
Majority of crimes not officially reported in Sweden
Those with criminal record not allowed to adopt
KENDLER ET AL 2014
Checked if alcoholism, drugs played a part
Evidence for genetic transmission in violent and nonviolent crimes
Looked at violent and nonviolent crime
Violent criminal behaviour
Predicted biological parent and sibling history of crime
Children of alcoholics at high risk of externalising behaviours - increased aggression and impulsivity
Also alcoholism is biological parents and siblings
HUTCHINGS AND MEDNICK 1977
Only biological father criminal = 21.4% sons criminals
Only adoptive father criminal = 11.5% sons criminals
Both fathers criminal = 36.2% sons criminals
Neither father criminal = 10.5% sons criminals
143 criminals and 143 control adoptees
Consistent with genetic influence and genotype environment interaction
If criminal biological parent and non criminal adoptive parent = genetic link
If non criminal biological parent and criminal adoptive parent = environmental link