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sneezing and nasal discharge - Coggle Diagram
sneezing and nasal discharge
signs of caudal nasal cavity disease
stertor
snorting/snoring
indicates obstruction to airflow in the nasopharynx
usually resolves with open mouth breathing
nasal discharge, mass lesions and nasopharyngeal swelling
brachycephalic breeds due to elongated soft palate, excessive nasopharyngeal tissue and airway stenosis
reverse sneezing
investigate if new or increased in occurrence
nasopharyngeal disorders e.g. FB, nasal mite, viral infection, allergic rhinitis or epiglottic entrapment of the soft palate
excessive swallowing
gagging
coughing
dysphagia
changes in phonation
nasal discharge
unilateral
FBs
oronasal fistulas
aspergillosis
neoplasia
bilateral
inflammatory
infectious
allergic
classification
serous
watery, clear
may be sign of noninfectious inflammatory disease or a viral upper respiratory tract infection in cats
mucoid
mucopurulent
more viscous and opaque. White/yellow/green discolouration
inflammation and secondary bacterial infection
purulent
sanguineous
damaged nasal mucosa (can be brought on by continuous sneezing alone
significant nasal turbinate destruction or erosion of nasal vascular structures caused by craniofacial trauma, mycotic infection or neoplasia
can be caused by systemic diseases (hypertension) or haemostatic disorders (thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathia, vasculitides or coagulopathy)
epistaxis
food containing
congenital abnormality e.g. cleft palate, dysphagia condition in a young animal or oronasal fistula in older animal
signalment
young
more likely to be congenital or infectious
older
neoplasia and dental disease
if housed together/stressed/exposed to regional outdoor environments (mycotic infection) more susceptible to infectious diseases
brachycephalic have conformational cases of upper airway diseases and less frequently nasal neoplasia, whilst brachycephalic cats are at increased risk of fungal rhinitis
dolichocephalic overrepresented with nasal diseases (greater surface area of mucous membranes increasing exposure to inhaled irritants or allergens. Also have greater incidence of fungal rhinitis and nasal tumours
in cats, non-specific inflammatory rhinosinusitis is likely sequelae of upper respiratory tract viruses
cats with neoplasia are more likely to be older, have dyspnea or haemorhagic or unilateral nasal discharge