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Volcanoes case studies, Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland (AC), Anak Krakatau,…
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Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland (AC)
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A sub-glacial strato-volcano on the glacier. This is an anomaly as Iceland is on a constructive plate boundary
rising magma from the mantle mixed with existing lava which triggered chemical reactions creating more gas which resulted in the explosive eruptions. From 12th April lava was flowing from the magma chamber. When the hot magma and the freezing ice huge plumes of tephra were created
Ash clouds up to 30,000ft in the air which went over most of Europe creating an 'ash-pocolypse'
20 farms were destroyed. 200m of ice melted and damaged Route 1, one of the countries main roads. Ash covered the ice which resulted in more melting.
Kenya lost $35million from fresh goods decaying as they were not able to be traded.
100,000 flights were cancelled at a cost of of more than $200million per day
Damaged bridges were immediately replaced with temporary structures to minimise impacts on communication. There was no need for emergency aid because there was no building damaged, or any deaths.
Following this eruption Iceland increased it's surveillance of the area and the public is kept well-informed of any changed in activity.
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Anak Krakatau, Indonesia (EDC)
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Indonesia is an archipelago of volanic islands located in the Pacific ocean in East Asia. It is in the Pacific ring of fire
An eruption of Anak Krakatau set off and undersea landslide. When a 64 cubic hectare flank of the volcano collapsed into the sea
The flanks of the volcano collapsed into the Indian ocean triggering a tsunami that swept into Sumatra. Torrential rain followed the eruption which slowed down emergency aid.
Many of the deaths were at a rock concert held at Tanjung Lesung beach were a rock concert was being held where the musicians and crowd were oblivious to the danger until the first wave hit
There were over 600 deaths and 1,400 injuries
Approximately 556 houses, 9 hotels and 350 boats were damaged. At least 16,000 people were displaced. Thousands are still living in temporary shelters
The cone was 340m tall, but now it stands at 110m. In terms of volume, 150-170millionm3 of material has gone
Volcanic tsunamis may not trigger warning systems so there is little to no warning. Even if a buoy was located close to Anak Krakatau it is still so close to the affected shorelines there still would not be much time to react
NGOs supported evacuations of the injured and provided clean water, shelter, and tarps. Volunteer groups cooked meals for people who were displaced and built emergency camps
Mt. Pinatubo, the Philippines (LIDC)
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Subduction plate boundary where magma rises to the surface as the less dense oceanic plate is subducted below the less dense tectonic plate. This causes explosive eruptions
Pyroclastic flows travelled 80km/ph and reached 5km inland. This created ash clouds up to 40km into the air. Ahs fell 50cm deep in the immediate area and 10cm in a 600km radius. Winds carried the ash 100s of km
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The vast majority of deaths were due to secondary effects such as suffocation in lahars, disease, and food shortages. 200,000 houses and public buildings collapsed and ~1.18million were affected.
Over 1million animals died.
Global dimming was caused by the ash cloud and sulphur particles in the air. The winter across the northern hemisphere was 0.5c cooler
When the evacuation area expanded to 30km and 200,000 people evacuated. 20,000 locals did evacuate but many chose to stay to protect their land and false alarms had decreased their trust in the systems.
The US army evacuated 15,000 people from the Clark airbase. Air space was closed but there was still $100million damaged to planes
NGOs provided emergency aid. Builders built dykes and dams to stop lahars. Camps were built to resettle some people but these were still in use in 2005 onwards