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Attachment - Coggle Diagram
Attachment
Role of the Father
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Grossmann --> longitudinal study - quality of attachment with father was less important than quality of attachment with the mother --> fathers take on qualitatively different role (observationally different) - no less important
Field --> filmed 4 month old --> found that primary caregiver fathers, like mothers, spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants than secondary caregiver fathers
Bowlby's theory --> evolutionary explanation that attachment is an innate system --> keeps young ones safe from hazards
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Law of continuity --> more constant child's care, the better the quality of attachment
Law of accumulated separation --> effects of every separation add up --> 'safest does is therefore a zero does'
Social releasers --> set of 'cute' behaviours - activate adult attachment system --> bowlby recognised attachment is reciprocal system (frozen face)
Critical period --> maximally sensitive up to age of 2 --> if attachment hasn't formed in this time, they will find it much harder to form later
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Dollard + Miller --> learning theory of attachment (cupboard love) --> importance of food in attachment formation --> child learns to love whoever feeds them
Classical conditioning --> UCS (food) --> UCR (feeling pleasure) --> NS (caregiver) --> NS to CS (caregiver associated with food) --> CE (pleasure)
Operant conditioning --> explains why babies cry for comfort --> crying leads to response from caregiver --> caregiver gives provides correct response - crying is reinforced because it produces a pleasurable consequence
Negative reinforcement --> caregiver receives negative reinforcement because crying stops --> interplay of positive/negative reinforcement strengthens an attachment
Drive Reduction --> hunger = primary drive (innate biological motivator) - motivated to eat to reduce the hunger drive --> Attachment = secondary drive - learned by association between the caregiver and the satisfaction of a primary drive
Sears et al --> suggested that, as caregivers provide food, primary drive of hunger becomes generalised to them
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Animal Studies
Harlow --> 16 Rhesus monkeys --> 2 wire mothers --> 1 condition milk dispensed by plain wire mother --> 2 condition milk dispensed by cloth covered mother
Further measure of attachment --> novel situations + novel objects --> noise making bear to environment --> studied the maternal deprived into their adulthood - emotional problems, aggressiveness, antisocial, cold to offspring
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Monkey's that had been deprived of real mothers --> aggressive, antisocial, less skilled in mating --> neglected offspring
Monkey early experiences led to emotional problems --> delinquent + antisocial behaviour --> supports Bowlby theory
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Animal Studies
Lorenz --> randomly divided 12 goose eggs - half with mother/half incubator with Lorenz as first object --> mixed them together to see who they would follow
Incubator followed Lorenz --> control group followed mother --> identified critical period imprinting takes place (few hours after hatching)
Imprint if no mother to random object --> sexual imprinting occurs whereby birds acquire template of desirable characteristics required in a mate