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Proteins + enzymes - Coggle Diagram
Proteins + enzymes
Function of proteins
Catalyse reactions
Protection
Maintain oncotic pressure
Albumin
Blood vessel plasma pressure
Swollen legs
Malnutrition - swollen belly
Hormones/receptors
Carrier proteins
Storage
Hypoproteinaemia
Abnormal protein loss
Nephrotic syndrome
GI loss
Severe burns
Decreased synthesis
Liver disease
Hepatocellular damage
Cirrhosis
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic nephropathy
Infections
Disruption of cellular systems (viral)
General disruption to homeostasis e.g. temp change
Water deviation
Ascites
Oedema
Haemodilution
Pregnancy
Major cause is acute phase response
Rapid + coordinated change in conc of plasma proteins
Instigated when damage to host cells may occur
Aims to
Direct synthesis towards plasma proteins required to cope with new situation
Hyperproteinaemia
Dehydration
Gross loss
Burns
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic hepatitis
Renal tubular damage
Simple
Sweat
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Increased globulins
Multiple myeloma
Increase gamma globulins (M-protein)
Inflammation
Cirrhosis
Collagen disorders
Further testing
Immunoglobulin measurements
Electrophoresis
Identification of paraprotein
Monoclonal immunoglobulin in blood or urine arising from clonal proliferation of plasma cells or B cells
Albumin to globulin ratio
High
Leukaemia
Low
Autoimmune
MM
Cirrhosis
Significance of proteins
Plasma proteins synthesised in liver
Pass to plasma by active transport or passive diffusion
In diseased state, trauma, diets
Altered state of proteins in plasma
Different homeostasis in general condition
Protein separation
Electrophoresis
Charge separation to determine albumin conc.
Albumin is -ve charged
Pockets to carry +ve charged molecules
Molecular weight albumin is 66.3KDa
Albumin synthesised in liver - T\(_{\frac{1}{2}}\) = 20days
Albumin conc lowered in acute phase response
e.g. after trauma
Burns
Malnutrition
Liver damage
Renal loss
Protein lost in urine
GIT loss
Assimilation process disturbed
When protein is lost, albumin synthesis increases
Oncotic pressure favoured even when intake is low
Albumin function
Binds + transports compounds
Calcium + other divalent cations
Thyroid hormones
Bilirubin
Drugs
e.g. warfarin
Genetic defects
Analbuminaemia