Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
P1 - Energy & P3 - Particle Model of Matter - Coggle Diagram
P1 - Energy & P3 - Particle Model of Matter
L1 and L2 - Converting Simple Units
There are 1000mm in a meter and 1000mg in a kilogram. There are 1000 milliseconds in a second.
Mega - Million
Giga - One thousand million
L3 - Energy Stores and Systems
There are several
energy stores
: these include
kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, sound, heat, chemical, electrostatic, magnetic and nuclear.
Energy
can be
transferred
through mediums such as
mechanical transfer
,
work done when current flows
,
thermally
and
radiation
.
L4 - Power
Power
is defined as the
rate of energy transfer
or the
rate at which work is done.
E = P x t
P = I x V
P = I^2 x R
L5 - Efficiency
Within
energy transfer diagrams
;
useful energy
is indicated by a direction that is
parallel
to the
input energy's direction.
Its
magnitude is shown by the width of the arrow
.
Waste energy is shown to migrate away
from the
useful energy output.
Efficiency = (Useful power out / Total power in) x 100
Efficiency = (Useful energy out / Total energy in) x 100
Efficiency
is described as how good a device/system is at
producing a maximum useful output
and a
minimum waste output.
L6 - GPE
Gravitational potential energy increases
the
further an object is away
from the
Earth's surface
(provided the object is in the atmosphere). Henceforth, the
higher up an object is
, the
more kinetic energy it will generate
and the faster it will hit the ground.
Most gravitational potential energy
(Ep) is
converted
to
kinetic energy.
Ep = h x g x m
GPE = Height x Gravitational Field Strength x Mass
L7 - Kinetic Energy
Ek = 0.5(m(v^2))
Kinetic Energy = 0.5(Mass(Velocity^2))
L8 - Craters
The size of a crater is determined by the
kinetic energy
held by the
body
that hits the
surface
.
Resolution
is the
smallest possible increment
that a variable can be
measured
in with a piece of equipment.
Uncertainty
is defined as
half the resolution
+ or -
the
result
you have recorded.
L11 - Elastic Potential Energy
F = ke
Ee = 0.5(k(e^2))
L12 - Energy Resources
There are several methods of obtaining energy, these mediums include:
Fossil fuels (Non-renewable)
Nuclear (Non-renewable)
Bio-fuel (Renewable)
Wind (Renewable)
Wave (Renewable)
Hydroelectric (Renewable)
Geothermal (Renewable)
Solar (Renewable)
A
renewable resource
is a resource that can be
used and replenished simultaneously.
Methods:
Fossil fuels
- coal, oil or gas is burnt and used to drive turbines.
-
Nuclear
- Enormous amounts of energy are generated through nuclear fission, heating water, converting it to steam and driving turbines.
-
Bio-fuels
- Organic matter such as plant or animal material is burnt, driving turbines.
-
Wind
- Wind is used to drive turbines directly, transferring kinetic energy to electrical energy.
-
Wave
- Wave machines use kinetic energy of the waves to power electrical generators.
-
Hydroelectric
- Water from behind a damn has gravitational potential energy, when it is allowed to rush down the damn, the kinetic energy possessed by the water is used to drive generators.
-
Geothermal
- Hot water and steam from underground is used to drive turbines, generating electrical energy.
-
Solar
- Energy provided by nuclear fusion occurring within the sun. Solar panels convert this into electrical energy.
Pros and Cons:
Fossil fuels
- N/A |
Produces carbon dioxide
when burnt as well as
sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain.
-
Nuclear
-
No harmful or polluting gasses
produced (also incredibly
efficient
) | an
accident can cause environmental decimation.
-
Bio-fuels
-
Renewable
|
will release greenhouse gasses
when burnt.
-
Wind
-
No harmful, polluting gasses produced,
no fuel costs | If there is
no wind, no energy
will be generated,
can 'spoil the view'.
-
Wave
- Extremely
reliable
,
no harmful gasses produced
| Difficult to
scale up
, potential to
destroy habitats.
-
Hydroelectric
- Extremely
reliable
, no harmful gasses produced |
Difficult to scale up
, dams have the
potential to destroy homes and farmland.
-
Geothermal
-
No harmful, polluting gasses
produced, no fuel costs |
Not suitable in all areas.
-
Solar
- No fuel costs,
no harmful or polluting gasses
produced |
Expensive and inefficient
, will
not work with minimal light
exposure (night).
L14 - Reducing Heat Loss
E = m c Δθ
Change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature
P3 - L1&L2 - Calculating Density
Density
refers to the
amount of mass
(number of particles)
in a given volume.
Density can be calculated with the the equation:
Density = Mass / Volume
ρ = m / V
Mass
can be
found using an electronic balance
;
volume of an irregular solid
can be found via the use of a
eureka can
: slowly place the solid into the eureka can (
filled with water
),
collect the volume of water that is displaced
by the object, this is the solids volume.
P3 - L3 - Changes in State
When a change in state occurs, energy provided does not add to the kinetic store of the object but instead the potential store, this will produce a plateau where the temperature of the object does not seem to increase.
Stearic Acid Practical: Method:
First, place the
solid strearic acid in a test tube
within a
beaker containing water
. A
thermometer
should be placed within the test tube and the
apparatus should be perched above a Bunsen burner
in a tripod.
-
Next, the
Bunsen burner should be turned on
and henceforth the water heated, this will
melt the stearic acid.
-
Once the acid has
completely melted
,
begin a timer and turn the Bunsen burner off
.
Record
the
temperature of the acid every minute
until
it reaches
40 degrees.
A
plateau
will be seen when drawing the
graph for a cooling curve
, this graph is present
because the formation of bonds in the object releases energy
, this
counteracts the energy being lost
and the temperature plateaus.
P3 - L4 - Internal Energy
Temperature
is
proportional
to the
average kinetic energy
of
particles
in a substance.
The
total energy stores in the particles
of a substance is known as its
internal energy
. This is the energy caused by the individual particles motion and position. Internal energy is the
sum of a particles kinetic energy and potential energy.
During a state change,
internal energy will still increase
but the
temperature will not.
P3 - L5 - Specific Heat Capacity
Three factors
that affect how
easy it is to heat up a substance
are: the
mass of the substance
, the
type of substance
and the
change in temperature.
E = mcΔθ
[Joules] = [kg] x [Joules/kg°C] x [°C]
Specific heat capacity is the
amount of energy
that is required to
raise 1kg of a substance by 1°C
P3 - L6 - Specific Latent Heat
Specific latent heat
of vaporisation and specific latent heat of fusion are both a measure of the
energy required to change the state of 1kg of a given type of substance.
E = m x L
Energy = Mass x Specific Latent Heat
[Joules] = [kg] x [Joules/kg]
Specific Latent Heat of Water:
Method
:
Note
down the
power of the kettle
you are using.
-
Place
the kettle on an
electronic balance and tare it
(revert
mass to 0
). Then, pour a
given volume of water
(
at room temperature
) into the kettle and
record the initial mass
.
-
Begin a timer
and turn the kettle on, when a
given amount of time has passed,
turn the kettle off and
record the final mass of water.
-
Subtract the initial mass
of water from the
final amount.
-
Find
the
amount of energy
used using "Energy = power x time".
-
Divide the energy used
by the
mass
of the water to
find the specific latent heat
.
P3 - L7 - Pressure in Gasses
Gas particles
move at
random speeds
in
random directions
; when
they collide with the walls of a container
they
exert a force
on the
wall
.
Pressure is equal
to the
force exerted by these particles on a given area
.
Pressure = Force / Area
P3 - L8 - Pressure in Gasses Pt.2
Pressure x Volume = Constant
[Pascals] x [m^3] = Constant
Pressure in a gas
can be
increased
via:
decreasing the volume of the container
,
increasing the volume of gas
in the container and
increasing the temperature
of the system.