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Human Evolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Brachiate Swing efficiently between branches
      - Quadrupedal Knuckle walking because arms are longer than legs.
      - Primates have longer forelimbs than hindlimbs
    - - They are prognathic which means the lower face projects outwards from the eyes.
      - Large jaws means that there is more surface are available for extra chewing needs and grinding pressure.
      - The jaw becomes less prognathic as food availability increases and becomes softer.
    - - Apes have five cuspids arranged in a Y pattern, monkeys have four cuspids, arranged in a bi-phodont pattern.
      - Apes have powerful canine (fang) teeth to how sexual dimorphism and dominance.
      - The loss of the canines is specific to apes with complex social hierarchies and/or the formation of language.
    - - Apes have smaller brains (400-500cm3)
    - - Have brow ridges and the forehead slopes back from the eyes.
      - Apes have noses that are flat against their face, which suggests the climate they lived in.
      - Apes don't have chins.
    - - Primates have flattened ribs front to back making it easier to brachiate.
    - - Occipital Condyle: Gorillas, found in the center back of the base of the skull. Apes, found in the anterior base of the skull.
      - Foramen Magnum; In apes it is towards the back of the skull.
      - Nuchal crest; in apes these are large and strong which point straight backwards from the skull. They have to be big to hold up and support the heavy ape skull, otherwise it will droop downwards.
      - Sagittal Crest; in apes their diet of leaves, twigs and berries require strong chewing muscles. Therefore, to aid this they need large bony structures (for the jaw muscles).