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Earthquakes case studies, Japan tsunami (AC), Sulawasi, Indonesia (EDC),…
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Japan tsunami (AC)
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Japan is an archipelago of volcanic islands located in the pacific ocean. The capital city of Tokyo was affected
Subduction plate boundary- pressure building up which caused an undersea megathrust earthquake 70km off the coast of Sendai
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The uplift of the ocean bed triggered a tsunami with waves up to 40m. Waves in Sendai travelled inland up to 10km. The earthquake was so strong it caused the earth's axis to tilt by 10-25cm.
The tsunami waves also damaged the Fukishima power station which resulted in a 30km evacuation zone.
There were ~16,000 deaths, with ~6,000 injuries. 75% of the deaths were people over 70. ~2,000 children were orphaned
~45,00 buildings were destroyed and a further 143,000 were damaged. 4 ports were destroyed.
Approximately 4.4 million homes lost power and 11 nuclear reactors were shut down at Fukishima
2.4m waves also hit the costs of California and Oregon
Mitigation:
- aseismic building design
- education programmes
- fire-proofing old wooden buildings
- land-use zoning
- tsunami warning systems
- sea walls
- building regulations
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Sulawasi, Indonesia (EDC)
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10km off the coast close to the city of Palu on the island of Sulawesi. It is an archipelago of volcanic islands located in the Pacific ocean
Initially thought to be a subduction plate boundary, but now it is thought to be a slip/strike parallel movement
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The ground shaking caused a tsunami with waves up to 6m high. The shape of the bay funnelled the water inland. Liquefaction also occurred due to soft sediments
Approximately 4,400 deaths with ~2549 injured. At least 1.6million people were affected. ~70,00 homes were destroyed and 90,000 people have been displaced.
The government was criticised for not maintaining the tsunami warning system. Building regulations ahve been in place since 2005, but these are hard to implement.
At least 200,000 were in need of emergency aid. 6 months later 170,000 people were still homeless and needed aid.
At least 20 countries and many NGOs provided aid. There were 10,000 involved in the rescue operation, but this was called off after 10 days due to risk of disease from the dead bodies.
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Nepal earthquake (LIDC)
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90km away from the capital city of Kathmandu.
Nepal is landlocked below China and above India with the Himalayas running through Nepal
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A collision plate boundary between the Indo-Australian and Australian plate resulting in a significant build in pressure
It was a shallow focus earthquake at 15km which meant the effects were felt much more severely. Also the mountainous typography increased the risk of landslides.
Approximately 473,000 homes have been destroyed and as a result 2.8 million people have been displaced.
There were at least 8,800 deaths and ~22,000 injuries.
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Introduction of building codes which means all buildings will be built with earthquakes in mind. Since 2015 the government has encouraged afforestation programmes to decrease the risk of landslides
330 humanitarian agencies provided aid following the disaster which was co-ordinated by the disaster emergency committee.
The Nepalese government is widely acknowledged to be corrupt and the bilateral aid from governments was not always distributed evenly