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:crossed_swords:The Thirty Year's War :crossed_swords: - Coggle Diagram
:crossed_swords:The Thirty Year's War :crossed_swords:
The
Thirty Years' War
took place
between 1618 and 1648
and was caused by the
conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
The main phases of this war were the following:
The intervention of Denmark
. To prevent a Catholic victory, the
Lutheran King of Denmark intervened, supported by England
. At the same time, the
United Provinces resumed their fight against Spain
. The
Protestants were defeated
and
signed the Surrender of Breda in 1626
Swedish participation
. The
German Catholics seized the opportunity to take the Protestants' possessions
. The
King of Sweden came to their aid
, creating a
greater balance of military power
. As a result,
a peace treaty was signed
, under which
religious persecution would be stopped
,
Protestant property would be returned
and
Sweden would gain more power
in the area
Two sides were formed
. The Emperor had the support of the
German Catholics
,
the King of Spain and Portugal
. The
Protestants
formed an alliance with
Germany
, but they were
defeated
France joined the conflict
. After the Surrender of Breda,
Spain and the Holy Roman Empire became much more powerful
, which
preoccupied France
. Although it was a Catholic state,
it formed an alliance with the Protestants against the Catholic side
. In
1643
, the
French army defeated the Spanish troops
at the
Battle of Rocroi
Protestant uprising in Bohemia
. A group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia
expelled the Catholics
and appointed a
Protestant king
.
Ferdinand II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
and
King of Bohemia
, fought against them
The toll the war was taking led the powers involved to sign the
Peace of Westphalia in 1648
, ending the Thirty Years' War. The main consequences of this peace treaty were the following:
The
sovereignty of the German states was recognised
. Religious tolerance and
limits on the power held by the Emperor were established
Sweden
became the
dominant state on the Baltic coast
The Spanish monarchy lost their dominance over Europe
. The
independence
of the
northern Low Countries was recognised
. This new country became a
great trading and naval power, controlling the trade routes to Asia
France obtained territories
in the
Holy Roman Empire
and became the
leading power in Europe
France and absolutism
France
became the
main example of an absolute monarchy
under
King Louis XIV
. His reign had the following characteristics:
He gave the
administrative officials
, who came from the bourgeoisie,
professional status
He had a
board of governors
, consisting of
ministers
who acted under the orders of a
Prime Minister
or
Chancellor
He
increased the number of officials
acting under his orders:
secretaries of state
,
police
,
mayors
(who represented the king in the provinces) and
magistrates
(judges)
He
expanded
the
diplomatic corps
He had a
large court of advisors
, who lived with him in the luxurious
Palace of Versailles
He had an
extremely well organised professional army
. They had
access to better weapons
and built
defensive fortresses
The monarch held
unrestricted power
. He
made the laws
and
governed through decrees
He
intervened in the economy
, instigating the following developments for his own benefit including, among others, the
introduction of duties
and the
creation of royal workshops
Absolutism was
supported by the Church
. Absolute power was considered
a divine right
: the
king was God’s representative
and
everyone was accountable to him
In addition, some
thinkers
considered an
absolute monarchy
to be
the best possible political system
Absolutism
began to spread
to the majority of the European states,
except England and Holland
, where
parliamentary systems
were introduced
In the monarchies of the Modern Age, the
kings increased their power
. However, when
absolute monarchies
were established,
all the power was held by the king
England and the parliamentary system
The
English King Charles I
was an
absolutist monarch
. As he needed to raise money, he
summoned Parliament to increase taxes
. However,
Parliament demanded restrictions to the King's powers
Consequently, a
civil war broke out
between the
King's and Parliament's supporters
.
Parliament won
, the
King was executed
and
England became a republic
. Its leader was
Oliver Cromwell
, who would become a
dictator
years later. The
monarchy was reinstated in England in 1660
Parliament was formed by the
Puritan bourgeoisie
and
Anglican nobles
. Therefore, when
King James II
tried to
reinstate Catholicism
, there was another
uprising
, resulting in the
Glorious Revolution in 1680
The King was
expelled
and
replaced
with
William III (a Dutch Protestant)
. This new monarch was
willing to obey Parliament
. In
1689, he signed the Bill of Rights
, recognising
Parliament's authority, private property
and
restrictions to royal power
In Europe,
republics governed by a parliament had already been established
. However,
England
was
the first parliamentary monarchy
, which meant taht the
king's power was restricted
and the country was
governed by a parliament
English Parliament consisted of
two groups
, who
governed alternately
. They would later become
political parties
: the
conservatives
and the
liberals
The
House of Commons
, who acted in the name of the
bourgeoisie
The
House of Lords
, who represented the
higher nobility
Freedom of the press was respected
and positions were allocated through a
voting system
. However, it was
not a democratic system
, as
only the nobles and the rich bourgeoisie were allowed to participate