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APUSH Period 7, Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 6 and 9, 1945) - killed…
APUSH Period 7
Key Concept 7.2
Roaring 20's
Harlem Renaissance
Development of Harlem neighborhood for black cultural mecca
Celebration of African Americans culture through writing, music (jazz), and art
Langston Hughes poem "I, Too, Sing America." manifesto "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain"
Duke Ellington song "Mood Indigo"
Massive growth of mass culture with adoption of radio and movies
Flappers: women who did not follow general women's roles with showing of ankles (
gasp
) and short hair and cigarettes
Radio show --
The Amos 'n' Andy Show
(1928) racist with blackface but oh well
Cinema/Movies: 3/4 Americans on a weekly basis
Ex: The Jazz Singer, first to use synchronized sound and video
Homogenized but also extended regional divisions: few depictions of African Americans unless showed in relationship to white people, also few depictions of rural America, made feel that these group were not "American"
After WW1, during time of semi-isolationism, great wealth created
Dissenting literature
Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald (1925) - shallowness of lives of wealthy
Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis (1924): mocked narrowness of the middle class
A Farewell to Arms (1929) by Ernest Hemingway critiqued glorification of war
Regionalism
conscious response to, and rejection, of homeogenizing of mass media and mass culture
Literature
Mark Twain
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
and
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)
-- life along the Mississippi River
Gone with the Wind (1936)
by Margaret Mitchell -- sentimental plantation era with slaves
1st Red Scare
Widespread fear of communism, radicalism, and anarchism across America
Xenophobia
Calvin Coolidge
Stopped Boston Police Strike (1919)
Viewed organized labor as threat of communism
helped on by successful russian revolution
AG Mitchell Palmer, led justice dept
Palmer Raids (1919)
Meant to capture alleged radicals; most immigrants so got deported
Migration
Great Migration: Movement of African Americans from the South to North
Reasons
Segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Segregated but equal in quality... theoretically
"Separate but equal"
Race violence
KKK
Lynchings
Red Summer (1919)
White supremacists and racial riots took place in three dozen different cities
in both north and south
Limited economic opportunities
Sharecropping, tenant farming
Lots of jobs in north because WW1
Still experienced discrimination in the North
Race Riots
Tulsa Race Riot in 1921
Greenwood District of Tulsa destroyed; 10,000 homeless and 300 AA killed
Went North (
and
West in ww2)
Dust Bowl
topsoil completely loose since grass removed
big drought from 1934-47
Soil Conservation Service encouraged farmers to replant trees and grass and bought land to keep it from cultivation
ppl went to california
Many Mexicans immigrated to the US for economic opportunities (1930s-1940s)
Bracero Program 1942 -- temp contract workres from mexico
US encouraged Mexican immigration during WWII as labor source when men out at war
Many worked as farmers
usa promised to mexico govt not to draft them
led to "zoot-suit riot" (aka "zoot suit riot") in LA 1943 since racism against latinos, 100s of Mexican Americans wearing "zoot suits" were beat up and arrested by LAPD and military
mexicans who came to work left during great depression since it kinda sucked (new deal excluded them since it required a permanent address)
Civil liberties abridged during wartime
Espionage Act (1917) -- crime to interfere with the draft, sale of war bonds, or say anything "disloyal" about war effort
Sedition Act (1918) - extended reach of Espionage Act
Schenck v. United States (1919) -- freedom of speech not absolute if it poses "clear and present danger"
Organized labor and dissent after WW1
govt disbanded agencies that regulated eco. activites -- people wanted that tho
inflation not kept in check
1919 second-largest strike wave: 4 million workers
Seattle General Strike: Seattle virtually closed down
340k steelworkers strike
boston police force on strike
Resistance against it
paint strikers as subversives and bolsheviks
pushed for open shops where union could not require workers to join the union
Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti (1921): italian immigrant anarchists. death sentence on flimsy evidence -- showed anti-immigrant bias
Culture Clashes
Resurgence of KKK - 1925, 3 million members. white supremacy seen in race riots
Bible versus Science
fundamentalism vs modern science
Scopes Trial / Monkey Trial (1925)
Prohibition
banned and was successful, but then illegal drinking became more common. 21 Amendment (1933) repealed it
Nativism
response to immigration
anti-european after trauma of ww1
associated immigrants with radical movements or drunknness
feared low-wage immigrant laborers take jobs from native uhmericans!
Quota System
Emergency Quota Act (1921) -- quota for each nationality at 3% of the total no. of that nationality that was present in US in 1910
National Origins Act (1924) -- 2% of what it was at 1890
effect of setting very low quotas for "new immigrants" (E and S europe)
Key Concept 7.1
Corporate economy
Henry Ford revealed assembly line in 1913
de-skilling of labor process: unskilled replace skilled people
automobiles became cheaper and crazy popular
23M cars owned by 1920.
growth of new industries (steel, chemical, oil, glass-production)
Americans began to settle in suburban communities; cities like LA and Houston designed to accomodate cars
scientific-management by Frederick Taylor;
watched workers and noted most efficient techniques ("taylorism").
made work efficient but more monotonous
shows Progressive attachment to science and expertise
Advertising and mass consumption increases
consumer goods in showrooms and stores
easy credit so that people buy stuff
ads appeal to subconscious level (Freudian psychology)
Economy becomes more industiralized
from rural agrarian --> urban industrialized society
cities become bigger, esp due to immigrants. 51% in cities by 1920
women get more opportunities
domestic service in mid 1800s --> factory jobs in late 1800s -->
office work in early 1900s
right to vote in 1920 -- participate in political stuff
"flappers" -- defied Victorian moral codes of "ladylike" behavior
Economic problems
Great Depression
Causes:
overproduction, then late 1920s lay offs
food overproduction due to WW1. farmers in cycle of debt, overproduction, falling commodity prices. high tariff (since isolationist) didnt help
reckless gambling on margin in stock market --> ppl saw stock prices rise but company earnings decline --> panic selling --> October 29 1929 "black tuesday", stock market crashed
Hoover's Response:
"rugged individualism": American people help themselves
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932): loans to railroads, banks, insurance companies
no direct relief
Bonus March Protest (1932): death 2 WW1 vets asking for early payment of their govt bonuses
Hoovervilles: Cheap shantytowns, bad housing with people in hooverblankets (literal newspaper)
Ended with growth of WW2 industry
Panic of 1893
Railroad and Cordage company failed --> decline in stock prices --> banks invested in stock market, so bank failures --> contraction of credit --> collapse of 15,000 biz. 20% unemployment by 1894
Panic of 1907
scheme by banks to take control of United Copper Company revealed --> major NY bank collapsed --> people afraid. partly calmed by JP Morgan, offered to have US steel by struggling rival that banks had invested in. but needed assurance from teddy that no anti-trust action
New Deals
1st New Deal
First 100 Days
AAA (est. 1933): Agricultural Adjustment Act: paid farmers NOT to farm and thus not create excess supply
but led to landowners evicting tenant farmers and sharecroppers; the poorest people got hurt, esp AAs
Glass-Steagal Act(1933): establishes Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, insures ppl's money in banks in case of failure (Still exists)
Homeowners Refinancing Act (1933): mortgage assistance to homeowners by providing money or refinancing mortgages
National Industry Recovery Act (1933): representatives from labor and corps, make set of codes. shorten hours of work, trade union rights, min. wage, regulate price of petrol products, fair biz practices
Tennessee Valley Authority (1933): Building dams on Tennessee River, generate hydro energy, make fertilizer, tech assistance to farmers
Civilian Conservation Corps (1933): outdoor work for young men - soil conservation, flood control, trail and road building, bridges, forest projects
Unsuccessful in ending the Great Depression but did put people to work - more than Hoover
Security and Exchange Commission (1934): oversee stock market operations - monitor transactions, licensing brokers, limit buying on margin, prohibit insider trading
Focused on 3 R's,
Relief
to poor, stimulate economic
Recovery,
long-term
Reform
of american economy
Critics
Populist opposition
Upton Sinclar ran as gov of CA in 1934, "end poverty in california"
Francis Townsend, CA, proposed tax to give everyone 60+ a monthly stipend
Huey Long from Louisiana, "Share Our Wealth Society": break up fortunes of rich and give to everyone else (assassinated in 1935)
Conservatives -- socialism in disguise!!
American Liberty League (1934): conservative businessmen
Catholic priest Father Charles Coughlin: radio show, FDR is commie dictator
2nd New Deal
1935, 20% unemployment still
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) struck down NIRA
US vs Butler (1936) struck down AAA
focus on assistance and support to the working class
Works Progress Administration (1935): so much bigger than CCC. 3 million people worked by 1938
Social Security Act (1935): retirement benefits workers collected after 65 years.
Wagner Act (1935):
encouraged formation of unions
National Labor Relations Board: oversee union elections, fix conflicts b/w workers and owners (still there)
prohibited owners from punitive actions against workers who tried to unionize
1937 proposed "court packing" plan since feared they strike down new acts.
opposed and turned down,
but court became friendlier anyways, and
conservative justices retired later anyways
ultimately, he was able to appoint 7 new justices
Rollback in 1937 leads to "Roosevelt Recession". undoes in 1938 and re-increases govt spending
follows Keynesian economics -- govt deficit spending good to stimulate economic activity
Increase in organized labor
NIRA and Wagner Act encouraged this
union members 3M 1933 --> 10.5M 1941
John L. Lewis 1938 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) for unskilled. 5M by 1941
new CIO union tactic: sit-down strike. stop work and prevent replacement workers coming in
most famous in GM plant in Flint, Michigan
Legacy
Political realignment
modern day conservative (laissez-fair) and democratic (interventionist) emerges
AAs begin to vote for dem, especially after he exec. order banning discrimination in defense industry
Slighted women, but still some progress. 1st female cabinet member, and eleanor roosevelt very politically active
Indian Reorganization Act (1934) undid Dawes Act, restored ownership of reservation land to tribal chief, recognized legitimacy of tribal govt, extended loans to amerindians for eco. development
Scottsboro Boys case (1931) -- shows racial biases of justice system
Govt takes a more active role in the lives of the citizens! Contributes to more "big govt" and normalizes the welfare state
Brain Trust
close group of experts that surrounded FDR -- helped shape policies for 1st and 2nd new deal
Progressive Era Reform
Progressive movement
a lot of progressive ppl were women -- Florence Kelly, Frances Perkins, Jane Addams
embraced pragmatism -- value of idea is in its observable practical effects, not some abstract ideology
reform Darwinism -- rejected social darwinism, said human society must cooperate
Muckrackers -- new investigative form of journalism, helped by new mass print media. expose on corruptions and scandals.
Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Frank Norris
simultaneous grass-roots + 2 presidents embraced progressive stuff
Lincoln Steffens's 1904 The Shame of the Cities -- exposed political machines
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory NYC -- 146 dead. creation of fire safety laws in NY, growth of International Ladies Garment Workers' Union
Reform on national level
Upton Sinclair 1906 The Jungle -- exposed meat packing industry. people cared less about the workers than the meat but whateves
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): also established FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
Ida Tarbell The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904): exposed Std Oil. contrib to govt breaking up trust in 1911
Setback: 1905, Lochner v. New York: NY state law restricting hours for bakers; court said no
Win: Muller v Oregon (1908): upheld OR law that limited num. of hours women could work
cited scientific, psychological and sociological studies
known as "Brandeis brief": use of non-legal info in legal matters
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916): prohibited goods across state lines if child labor.
struck down in Hammer v Dagenhart (1918)
Teddy Roosevelt -> WH Taft is disappointment -> Woodrow Wilson
Teddy Roosevelt's (1901-1908) domestic agenda called "Square Deal", and is known as "trust-buster"
handling of anthracite coal strike in 1902 -- called representatives from both sides
consumer protections in wake of The Jungle, environmental protections, regulation of railroads
strengthened ICC
Elkins Act (1903) targeted railroad practice of granting rebates to favored customers
Hepburn Act (1906): gave ICC more power to set railroad rates
Used Sherman Antitrust act (1890) to target bad trusts; those interfering with commerce.
Targeted Northern Securities Company
Northern Securities Co. v US (1904) upheld his thing
Environmental concerns
romanticism generated interest in untouched pristine american lands -- Albert Bierstadt made influential paintings
Teddy headed scientifically trained Gifford Pinchot as head of USFS
in 1876, special agent in Dept of Agriculture. in 1881, division of forestry. in 1905, forest service
National Park System started in 1872
Yellowstone Park, WY, first
Yosemite Valley in CA in 1890
150 national forests
teddy put 200 million acres under public protection
Conservationism vs Preservationism
conservationism -- use resources in responsible way so that its left for future generations
preservationists - dont touch wilderness. John Muir founded Sierra Club (1892)
WH Taft (1908-1912) -- kinda bad.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) higher rates, opposite of what progressives wanted
fired Gifford Pinchot, chief of USFS, after he clashed with development-minded Ballinger, sec. of the interior
Election of 1912 -- repub split between Taft and Teddy, and Eugene V Debs also ran. Wilson won as Democratic candidate
Wilson
Federal Reserve Act (1913) -- created Federal Reserve Bank, was suspicious of banking industry.
Fed can expand/contract currency supply to speed/slow economy.
Fed can raise/lower interest rate to stimulate/slow economic activity
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): strength antitrust powers and exempt labor unions
Creation of FTC (1914): reduce power of trusts, guard against "unfair trade practices"
Underwood Tariff: lowered tariffs by 15%
Prohibition -- largest reform movement. 18th amendment ratified 1919.
helped on by WW1 --
"purify" world as well as american society,
anti-german sentiment helped (lots of breweries had german names)
1940 Election: FDR ran for a 3rd term and won, unprecedented, went against Washington's tradition
Differing goals within progressive movement
progressive vs segregation
most progressive ignored AA's
some, like wilson, outspoken racist!
but
ppl like WEB DuBois advocated for civil rights -- co-founded NAACP in 1909 (contrast w/ booker t. washington)
Marcus Gravey: sense of pride in many AAs
Democracy vs Expertise
expert managers replace existing systems based on nepotism, favoritism, etc.
elected city comissions to run the city, head depts of stuff like fire, sanitation -- bypass corrupt city officials
hired city managers who have professional training
democracy where anyone is elected, or only choose ppl with expertise and smart to run cities?
more participation in democracy
Referendum: people vote directly on proposed legislation
Recall: people remove elected person before term ended
Initiative: people introduce a bill by petition
women suffrage with 19th amendment (1920) -- dates back to 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, NAWSA (nat. american. women suffrag assoc) had 2M members by 1917
direct primaries -- voters choose which party candidates run
direct election of senators (17th seventeenth amendment)
the secret ballot! helped end political machines
Key Concept 7.3
Imperialism
Reasons
Alaska (previously disputed land) bought for $7.2 Mil by William Seward "Seward's Folly," (1867) seemed like a cold ice box but GOLD was discovered
If there's gold here, why not valuable resources elsewhere?
Klondike Gold Rush (1896)
Western frontier gone, Jackson Turner (see last period)
AT Mahan "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" (1890) -- said navy is important be strong country and maintain international influence
Depression of 1893 -- desire for new markets since americans couldnt buy stuff
Racist ideas, thought duty as "civilized" people to uplift inferior ppl. Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" (1899) encouraged this
Christian missionaries wanted to spread it
Economic reasons -- Coup of Queen in Hawaii by US in interest of US sugar plantations in 1893 demonstrates that
Resistance to imperialism
American Anti-Imperialist League; VP was Mark Twain from 1901 to 1901
ppl said very different from continental expansion
no expectation to make ppl in islands citizens
we would just be ruling over foreign pop indefinitely like BR
undemocratic
racist ideas -- influx of filipinos, "pollute" american population
influx of people undermine bargaining power of workers
violation of washington farewell advice to stay out of FP entanglements
maintaining empire would require large standing army and expansion of military
WWI (1914-1918)
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
League of Nations
Round Robin - Republicans led by Henry Cabot Lodge refuse to join League until the peace treaty is signed
Wilson refuses
3 levels of Republicans
Strong Reservationists - would only sign if it maintained US sovereignty
Henry Cabot Lodge (senate majority leader)
led republicans, said no sign till sovereignty issue addressed. wilson did not compromise. it did not get signed.
alternative explanations, choose ur pick
1 more item...
Mild Reservationists - had some issues with the League
Irreconcilables - would not sign under any circumstances
Congress would lose war making power if US joined: US did not join B)
Ended WWI
Punished Germany with huge reparation payments
Wilson's blunder - went to Paris himself without taking any Republicans
The Big Four - Wilson, Prime Minister David Lloyd George (BR), Georges Clemenceau (FR), Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando (IT)
Pre-US Involvement (1914-1917)
Wilson remains neutral
Progressivism stressed rationality over violence
Taking sides might cause conflict between ethnic groups within the US
Immigrants usually supported their home country
Belief that European stuff was none of our business
"Peace Without Victory" speech to senate (1917)
Freedom of the seas
BR navy stopped US from trading with Central Powers
trade with BR up 300% and central powers went to 0%, didnt like that
Similarity to issue under Jefferson leading up to the Embargo
German U-boats sinking neutral ships
Because some BR ships didn't fly their flag (sneakily)
what does this mean
Sinking of
Lusitania
(1915). Sinking of
Arabic
(british passenger ship with american ppl) (1915)
1916 Sussex Pledge - GR agrees to stop sinking ships, including merchant ships
Rescinding of Sussex Pledge (1917)
sank hundreds of american ships -- last straw for usa
UNRESTRICTED GERMAN SUBMARINE WARFARE
US takes opportunity to trade extensively with BR (GR no like)
1915 Arabic Pledge, says won't sink ships. Then in 1916, sinks ships
Causes of US joining the war
US interception of the Zimmermann Telegram (1917) where Germany agreed to help Mexico take back Southwest US if Mexico joined GR
Russian Revolution took Russia out of the war, making the Allied Powers the side of democracy
progressives divided about involvement
some said no since distract nation from domestic reform
some said yes since it might lead to expansion of state, sense of unity and national purpose, and renew focus on issues of social justice
War Mobilization (1917-1918)
The US saved the Allies
War Boards
War Industries Board (WIB) - strict government control over industrial production
Food Administration under Herbert Hoover - ensure enough food production. no rationing, but encouraged Americans to cut back on certain foods
National War Labor Policies Board settled labor disputes to prevent strikes
Financing the War - bonds, graduated income tax, other taxes - effective
Propaganda and Civil Liberties
Committee on Public Information (1917) - George Creel
Anti-German feeling
Espionage Act of 1917 - harsh sentences for obstructing recruitment
criminalized any “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about the U.S. government or military, or any speech intended to “incite insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty.”
Sedition Act (1918) - criticizing the government, war, or war bonds is a crime
Eugene V. Debs sentenced to 10 years for making an antiwar speech
Dissenters
Irish (because they hate BR) and German immigrants supported the other side
Jane Addams - pacifist
Schenck v. US-- espionage and sedition act is fine (see KC 7.2)
"Four-Minute Men", speeches about how war effort is pog
Uncle Sam "I Want You for the US Army"
African Americans during WWI
Great Migration to Northern cities
Served in the army, often doing labor work oversees
W.E.B. Du Bois supported war
Some blacks disagreed because of segregation
Wilson's Fourteen Points
Freedom of seas
Free trade
Disarmament
Concern for natives of colonies
Self-determination (in Europe)
Some specific border changes
Causes of outbreak
nationalism
EU nations saw selves as in competition to be fittest
effects of social darwinism except on an inter-country level (international?) (continental?)
newspapers disseminated patriotic sentiment nation wide
imperialism
push to imperialize in independent areas of asia and africa
militarism
arms build up among eu nations
alliance system
series of alliances.
RUS, FR, BR -- Triple Entente (later allies; rus leaves, usa and italy join)
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy -- Triple Alliance (later central powers; italy leaves, ottomans and bulgaria join)
immediate cause: assassination of archduke franz ferdinand in 1914
US involvement in war
2 million soldiers of American Expeditionary Force was CRUCIAL
Trench warfare sucked
five month long Battle of the Somme (1916): 5 million casualties
armistice on November 11, 1918
Pre-WWI Foreign Policy (1898 - 1914)
Wilson (1913-1921) - "Moral Diplomacy"
Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920
1914, new leader. Wilson sent 800 marines to overthrow, new pro-American pres. rebel "Pancho" Villa uprose, killed 18 americans in usa territory. wilson 12k troops to capture villa, fails
usa turns away from mexico by 1917 to focus on ww1
appointed anti-imperialist William Jennings Bryan as sec of state
flexed military muscle in Americas to ensure US biz interests-- marines in Nicaragua to suppress rebellion, troops in Haiti and Dominican Republic
Roosevelt (1901-1909) - "Speak softly and carry a big stick" policy - ask diplomatically first, but be ready to use force when necessary
Latin America - Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Panama Canal
Panama part of Colombia, latter refused $10 million to build canal
US instigated "rebellion" and got Panamanian independence, agreed deal to build canal
US has right to military intervene in Latin America (contrasted with post-ww1 good neighbor by fdr)
Japan
Roosevelt negotiates Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), wins nobel peace prize in 1906
"Gentlemen's Agreement" (1907) - Japan agrees to not issue passports to America to reduce Japanese immigration to the US. In return, USA stop Californian japanese racial segregation policy
McKinley (1893-1901)
Open Door Policy - America said China should be open to trade w/ all nations (begrudgingly accepted by major european powers)
Secretary of State John Hay
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901): rebellion against missionaries and european powers
US tangled in europe's last 19th century imperial issues
WH Taft (1909 - 1913) - "Dollar Diplomacy" - expand and secure US business interests abroad. "substituting dollars for bullets". -- neocolonialism
not always done; sent troops to Nicaragua and Dominican Republic to coerce into signing commercial treaties
practice of using economics, globalization, cultural imperialism and conditional aid to influence a country instead of the previous colonial methods of direct military control or indirect political control
Interwar Foreign Policy
Neutrality Acts (1930s), US will be neutral in the event of a conflict even if a country is the innocent victim
Washington Naval Conference (1921): reduction of naval power among BR, FR, JP, Italy, US. (pres warren g harding)
Kellogg Briand Pact (1928), outlawed war between all members, no means of enforcement
Dawes Plan (1924): US gives loans to Germany to repay Euro, Euro gives back to US, infinite loop of debt
Good Neighbor Policy: US denounce Latin American Involvement, removed 1901 Platt Amendment (under FDR)
1933, sec of state signed declaration that no nation had right to interfere in internal affairs of another
Stimson Doctrine 1932: US refuses recognition of any regime taken by force
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act 1934: US lift tariff on Latin America and they lift tariffs on us
Nye Committee (1934-1937): american corpos had profited greatly from ww1 participation
americans wondered if "merchants of death" pushed country into war
Americans disillusioned by WW1, others resentful of "new immigrants"
1922 Fordney-McCumber Act -- high tariffs
1930, in the MIDDLE OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION, Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: 2nd highest tariffs ever (only less than tariff of abominations in 1828)
Embraces isolationism, but simultaneously doesn't. Just doesnt want to get involved in war
Spanish American War aka Spanish-American War
Reasons contributing to war
Yellow Journalism rallied support for Cuban Independence and made intervention seem the only humanitarian choice
Exaggerated and sensationalist headlines little journalistic ethic, led by Joseph Pulitzer
yellow journalism enabled by mass-produced newspapers since industrialization and increased literacy
USS Maine blew up in harbor of Cuba's capital (1898) -- newspapers blamed Spain w/out evidence
Spain brutal supress of Cuban freedom fighters -- some in US saw same as american rev, so help. bizmen mad at interruption at sugar flow
brief and easy war "splendid little war". teddy gained military fame here
Treaty of Paris (1898) -- Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to usa. usa pay $20 million
Platt Amendment (1901) in Cuba -- US withdraw troops from Cuba but can intervene whenever they want! and US naval base at Guantanamo Bay
between 1902 and 1920, US intervened 3 times
Insular Cases (1901) -- constitutional rights do not apply to people in colonies
constitution does not necessarily follow the flag; democracy and imperialism are not incompatible
based off racist assumption that colonial ppl are inferior race
Phillippine-American War (1899-1902): they wanted independence. Emilio Auginaldo led force. 4k usa dead, 20-30k filipino dead fighting, 200k civilian dead
ultimately usa kept philippines till after ww2
Teller Amendment (1898) -- U.S. would help Cuba gain independence and then withdraw all its troops from the country.
World War II
Parties at War
Allied Powers- BR, FR, US, USSR, China
Axis Powers - GR, Italy, JP
US Involvement (1941-1945)
Immediate cause: Pearl Harbor, December 7 1941.
Mobilization:
Funded through war bonds and more taxes -- went into massive debt
Paying for the War - US gov spent twice as much in 5 years than in the previous 150 years combined
demonstrates how govt spending (and ensuing deficits) can help stimulate sluggish economy
War Production Board (1942): Allocated efforts for War Effort
Office of Price Administration (1942): froze prices and wages, rationed goods like meat, gas, sugar etc.
Office of Research Development (1941): contracted universities to help tech development: radar, sonar, rockets etc.
Manhattan Project (1942-1945): Nuke time baby
Warning from Albert Einstein to FDR about GR development of nuclear weapons
Locations
Manufacture plutonium - Washington
Manufacture Uranium 235 - Tennessee
Developed and tested in NM desert
~1000 people involved
problem of unemployment went to labor shortages --> women recruited to work
labor unions agreed to refrain from striking
staffing military
selective service act (1940) drafted ppl
150k women in Women's Army Corps (WAC) and Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES)
Great Depression ends with growth of wartime industry
European Theater
North African Campaign (1940-1943) - led by Eisenhower. two-pronged with BR. by may 1943, north africa in allied control
Italian Campaign (1943-1945) -- landed Sicily, captured. Mussolini dismissed as PM by King but GR sent reinforcements. Rome by 1944. campaign very hard
not "soft underbelly"
D-Day Invasion of Normandy (June 4, 1944). 200k first day, 1 million next weeks. Eisenhower. By august 1944, Paris free from Nazis
Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944) - GR army tried to drive a wedge between Allied lines
Allies discover Holocaust -- concentration, death camps.
Casablanca Conference (no stalin): Jan 1943, FDR and Churchill meet for strategy: not invade france yet, instead soft underbelly Italy
Before 1944, RUS did most of the fighting
April 30, Hitler suicide. May 7, GR surrender. V-E DAY!!
Pacific Theater
Battle of the Coral Sea (1942) - stop Jap fleet heading to New Guinea
Demonstrated the power of aircraft against ships
Battle of Midway Island (1942) - began to push Jap back to home islands
Entirely planes bombing airplane carriers
Two-pronged island hopping strategy
Towards the Philippines (farther S) under General Douglass MacArthur
Toward Japan (farther N) under General Chester W. Nimitz
avoid fortified islands and instead strategically important island
cut off islands it "hopped" over, blockading supplies, leaving forces to "wither on the vine"
1937 Nanjing Massacre -- 80k-300k civilian deaths by Japanese
It was going in favor of Japan then poggers US shows up
Battle for Iwo Jima and Battle for Okinawa in 1945 hard and deadly -- Jap only on home islands now
Meetings to shape postwar world
Tehran Conference (Nov. 1943): Nov 1943: Big 3's first meeting
opening of 2nd front planned because Stalin wanted (D-Day)
Stalin pledged assistance in war in Asia after GR defeated
agreed in theory to international peacekeeping org
Yalta Conference (Feb 1945):
E. Euro control given to Stalin, as long as he allows free elections
seeds of cold war since he did not do that
Germany will be divided into 4 zones. East for Russia, other 3 for US, BR, FR
EU and Asia ravaged from war; US emerged as dominant power
Bretton Woods Conference July 1944 -- 44 nations meet in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. agree on IMF
Potsdam Conference (summer 1945) -- final meeting of big 3
details over administration of occupied GR
included "denazification" of GR
Nuremburg War Crimes Trials
As they fight, view war as a desperate fight for freedom and democracy, not some meaningless war
Pre-US Entrance:
While officially not choosing a side, unofficially supported BR After German invasion of Czeckolslovakia 1938
Churchill was inspirational even tho he had no plan
New Dark age, Nazis are immoral and BR must resist
Hitler kept bombing but the royal air force was able to hold them off, for now, he said that US will stop them
Destroyers for Bases (1940): US trade 50 slightly used destroyers for British land
Lend-Lease Act 1941, Arsenal of Defense Bill 1776: US gives irrelevent armaments on credit to other countries
Growth of military led to large scale economic growth
Eventually US started taking munitions on their own across the Atlantic
Neutrality Act Amendment: pay with cash and ship by yourself
Asked for 7 Billion to create planes
FDR asked for a navy in both the Pacific AND Atlantic
Peacetime Draft: Burke-Wadsworth Act (1941), warmongering? Stated goal to create a standing army in case of German hostility
FDR to protect democracy wanted war but US wanted out
Atlantic Conference (1941): FDR meets Churchill to discuss post-war
Wrote down in
Atlantic Charter
, said that countries got self-determination, free trade, no country gains territory, new collective organization (later NATO)
Hitler claimed most of France by 1940
Russo-German: non-aggression Pact: Allowed Hitler and Stalin to invade Poland (1939)
Battle of Britain - GR tries to bomb and starve BR into surrenduring
Committee to Defend America (1940): Advocated for helping the Allies
Domestic views on War
America First Committee (1940): "Save our Sons" opposed entry into the war
FDR's Four Freedoms - rationalization of what the war is fought for, like Wilson's making the world safe for democracy pre-WWI
freedom 1. of speech, 2. of religion, 3. from want, 4. from fear
Many americans believed that US needed to intervene
atlantic ocean will not protect US from EU forever
submaries and planes can bring war to usa very quickly
fall of france (1940) reinforced this
if Hitler wins, civilization itself threatened
Still an isolationist pull
FDR wanted to support but couldn't without public's support
Quarantine Speech in 1937 -- us needs to quarantine aggressive nation
negative reponse
showed fdr how ppl still wanted isolationism
antiwar books after ww1 fueled that sentiment
USS Panay sank by Japanese planes (1937) but that was brushed off
Increasing US participation
"cash-and-carry" with BR (1939)
US send armaments to BR if they pay upfront and use their own ships
Selective Service Act aka Burke-Wadsworth Act (Burke Wadsworth) 1940 -- compulsory military service for males b/w 21 and 35. first peacetime draft ever
By 1941, 70% of ppl ready to help BR directly
that + FDR's reelection bolstered him
1941, Lend-Lease Act (HR 1776) -- armaments to Allies in American ship
In return, US given leases on army and naval bases in Allied territory during war
July 1941 -- FDR and Churchill release statement of "common principles" -- Atlantic Charter
shows US steadily on allies's side
Some isolationism -- Charles Lindbergh, America First Committee
Debates ended and US entered war after Pearl Harbor, December 7 1941
Destroyers-for-bases deal (1940) -- US gives 50 used destroyers to BR in return for some land rights
STUFF IN BLUE AT BOTTOM IS HOW BARRON'S ORGANIZED THIS TOPIC. EITHER READ THAT OR THE STUFF ABOVE
(or both)
Espionage: OSS : Office of Strategic Services, founded 1942, precursor to Department of Intelligence
Pre-WWII Axis Powers Expansion
Europe: Hitler violated Treaty of Versailles
Occupied Rhineland (1936) and demanded Sudetenland
Annexed Austria 1938
Munich Conference (1938): Leaders give Hitler Sudetenland (appeasement) in exchange for no more land, mega fail
Japan invades China (1937), threatens Open Door Policy
Italy invades Ethiopia (1935)
Minorities during WWII
African Americans
March on Washington (1941) to demand equal opportunity for Black workers - led by A. Philip Randolph
FDR concedes - Executive Order 8802 - prohibit ethnic or racial discrimination in the nation's defense industry
Created the Fair Employment Practices Committee to enforce
Double V Campaign by NAACP - victory against fascism abroad and against racism at home
125,000 AA served overseas during ww2
In 1948, Truman does Executive Order 9981 to integrate armed forces (see period 8)
War against fascism caused whites to realize racism might be bad
CORE (1942): Fought against discrimination
Membership in NAACP increases greatly
2nd Great Migration: African Americans over 1 mil. move from South for war industry work to North and California
1943 Race Riots in Detroit and NY, example of resistance to increasing rights
Tuskegee Airmen: Example of African Americans helping in war effort
Latinos
Zoot Suit Riots (1943) - zoot suits associated with Mexican teenagers and gangs,
Bracero program (1942) - allowed Mexicans to come to US without citizenship to work farms
Caused by wartime labor shortage
German, Italian, and Japanese-Americans
Americans much more tolerant of GR and IT immigrants than during WWI, because most immigrants were anti-fascist
Executive Order 9066 (1942) - forced 110,000 Japanese-American citizens on the West Coast into internment camps
In 1988, US apologized and paid $20k each to survivors
Korematsu v. US (1944) - upheld Japanese internment. national security
Thousands of Japanese fought in WWII for US
Women
Initial male resistance to women entering workforce was overcome because women could be paid less and wouldn't be drafted, and there was a labor shortage and advertisements "Rosie the Riveter"
Many quickly married before their husbands went off to war
Men often cheated on their wives while away (clear double standard) - led to an increase in divorce rates
~5 mil newly entered workforce
specific effort to recruit women -- factories working 24/7 and most males in army.
"Rosie the Riveter"
portrayed female workers in a positive light
needed since societal norms at the time discouraged women from doing industrial work
successful; by 1945 1/3 of women in workforce
Native Americans
Many received opportunities to work in defense
Navajo "Code Talkers" used native language as code in Pacific Theater, never cracked
About half never returned to reservations
1890 - 1945: build up to spanish-american war to End of WW2
Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system.
Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 6 and 9, 1945) - killed over 100,000 Japanese civilians
Why did Truman do it?
Ended war quickly, reducing US and Japanese combat deaths
End the war before the Soviets could intervene and get more negotiating power
Probably subconscious hatred of Japan
Japan Surrenders (August 15, 1945)
US implements an entirely new constition
FDR died April 1945 suddenly; VP truman took over and learned of atomic bomb
Swiftly ended WW2 -- V-P day!!
Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world.