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THE THIRTY YEARS' WARS - Coggle Diagram
THE THIRTY YEARS' WARS
Took place between 1618 and 1648
was caused by the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants
in the Holy Roman Empire
The main phases of this war were:
The intervention of Denmark
To prevent a Catholic victory
the Lutheran King of Denmark intervened
supported by England
the United Provinces
resumed their fight against Spain
in 1626
the Protestants were defeated and signed the Surrender of Breda
Swedish participation
After this defeat
the German Catholics seized the opportunity to take the Protestants' possessions
the King of Sweden came to their aid creating
a greater balance of military power
a peace treaty was signed,
under which religious persecution would be stopped
Sweden would gain more power in the area.
protestant property would be returned
Protestant uprising in Bohemia
A group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia
expelled the Catholics and appointed a Protestant king
the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
who was also King of Bohemia
fought against them
France joined the conflict
After the Surrender of Breda
,Spain and the Holy Roman Empire became much more powerful
.France preocupe
although it was a Catholic state, it formed an alliance with the Protestants against the Catholic side
In 1643
the French army defeated the Spanish troops at the Battle of Rocroi.
Two sides were formed
The Protestants formed an alliance with Germany
they were defeated
The Emperor had the support of the German Catholics
the King of Spain
the king of Portugal
In 1648
ended the Thirty Years' War
with the sign the Peace of Westphalia
The main consequences of this peace treaty were:
The Spanish monarchy
lost their dominance over Europe
This new country became a great trading and naval power, controlling the trade routes to Asia
The independence of the northern Low Countries was recognised
Sweden
became the dominant state on the Baltic coast
France
obtained territories in the Holy Roman Empire and became the leading power in Europe
The sovereignty of the German states
was recognised
Religious tolerance and limits on the power held by the Emperor were established
the Peace of Westphalia did not end the conflicts between France and Spain
they continued to fight against each other
France and absolutism
In the monarchies of the Modern Age
the kings increased their power
when absolute monarchies were established, all the power was held by the king
France became the main example of an absolute monarchy
under King Louis XIV in France
His reign had this characteristics:
He gave the administrative officials
they came from
the bourgeoisie
professional status.
He had a board of governors consisting of ministers
they acted under the orders of
Prime Minister
Chancellor
He increased the number of officials acting under his orders
police
secretaries of state
mayors
magistrates
He expanded the diplomatic corps
He had a large court of advisors
They lived with him in the luxurious Palace of Versailles
He had an extremely well organised professional army.
They had access to better weapons and built defensive fortresses
He intervened in the economy
instigating the following developments for his own benefit
the introduction of
duties
the creation of royal workshops
The monarch held unrestricted power
He made the laws
governed through decrees
Absolutism.
was supported by the Church
Absolute power was considered a divine right: the king was God’s representative
everyone was accountable to him
England and the parliamentary
The English King Charles I was an absolutist monarch
he needed to raise money
he summoned Parliament
to increase taxes
Parliament demanded restrictions to the King's powers
a civil war broke out
between the King's and Parliament's supporters
Parliament was victorious
the King was executed
England became a republic
Its leader was Oliver Cromwell
would become a dictator years later
in 1660
the monarchy was reinstated in England
between 1642-1648
Parliament
consisted of
Puritan bourgeoisie
Anglican nobles
King James II tried to reinstate Catholicism
there was another uprising
in 1680
the Glorious Revolution happened
expelled the King
replaced him with William III
This new monarch
was willing to obey Parliament
In 1689
he signed the Bill of Rights
recognising Parliament's authority
private property
restrictions to royal power
In Europe
republics governed by parliament
had already been established
England
was the first parliamentary monarchy
the country was governed by a parliamen
the king's power was restricted
English Parliament consisted of two groups
The House of Commons
who acted in the name of the bourgeoisie
The House of Lords
who represented the higher nobility