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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - red blood cells
      - white blood cells
      - plateletes
    - - Globulin; It forms the antibody structure.
      - Fibriniogen and prothrombin; It allows blood to coagulate outside the vein. It is produced in the liver.
      - Albumin; It regulates the water ratio of blood and body fluid, that is, osmotic pressure.
      - Histamine: Increases the permeability of capillaries.
- - - - BONE MARROW All blood cells are produced from the red bone marrow.
      - THYMUS GLAND Located under the thyroid gland.
      - SPLEEN located under the diaphragm, in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity. It produces lymphocytes and monocytes and filters the blood
      - THE LYMHP NODES act as filters. Various immune system cells trap germs in the lymph nodes and activate the creation of special antibodies in the blood.
    - - İNNATE IMMUNİTY
        
        FİRST LİNE DEFENSES
        
        Against pathogens, human body involves several kinds of physical and chemical barriers.
        
        This includes skin, sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, stomach acid and urine.
        
        These barriers cover the external surfaces of the body and line the body cavities that come in contact with the external environment such as the surfaces of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts.
        
        The low pH of skin and the stomach acid destroy pathogens
        
        Sweat, tears and saliva-contain chemicals that kill some bacteria.
        
        SECOND LİNE DEFENSES
        
        NATURAL KİLLER CELLS
        
        They attack body’s own cells that have become cancerous or have been
        invaded by viruses.
        
        Tissue and organ transplant
        rejections are due to activity of NK cells.
        
        Natural killer cells
        kill any “nonself” cells they encounter by releasing lysozyme enzyme.
        
        İNTERFERONS
        
        When the pathogen is a virus, the infected cells produce a protein, called interferon.
        
        which causes nearby uninfected cells to produce enzymes that block the reproduction of viruses and
        activate macrophages.
        
        PHAGOCYTES
        
        They are white blood cells, which ingest foreign invaders and cellular debris by phagocytosis.
        
        macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells travel within the bloodstream, pass through capillary walls, and patrol the body’s tissues,
        where they consume bacteria and other foreign elements.
      - ACQUİRED İMMUNİTY
        
        When the inflammatory response defense is insufficient, the pathogens are destroyed by the last-line
        of defense-the immune system.
        
        It recognizes, attacks, destroys and "remembers" each kind of
        pathogen that enters body.
        
        When the body recognizes foreign cells or molecules, it produces antibodies or cells which can bind them and inactivate.
        
        Viruses and microorganisms have substances on their outer surfaces called antigens, which can be proteins, carbohydrates or even nucleic acids.
        
        Humoral immunity is provided by B cells and the antibodies that they secrete into the blood that
        attack pathogens outside the body’s cells.
        
        Cell-mediated immunity is produced by a type of T cell called the cytotoxic T cellll that attacks infected body cells, killing both the cell and any pathogens inside it..
    - - DİABETES
      - DİGEORGİE SYNDROME
      - BURKİTT LYMPHOMA
      - FAMİLİAL MEDİTERRANEAN FEVER
      - LEUKAMİA
      - İMMUNODEFİCİENCY
      - AUTOİMMUNE POLYGLANDULAR SYNDROME
      - ASTHMA is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms.
      - ATAXİA TALANGİECTASİA is an autosomal recessive disorder primarily characterized by cerebellar degeneration, telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, cancer susceptibility and radiation sensitivity
- - - - LYMHP VESSELS
        
        Lymph capillaries are very thin vessels that have spread into the tissues, closed at one end, and consist of an endothelial layer made of a single line of epithelium
        
        Its permeability is higher than blood capillaries. These capillaries are then attached to the lymph veins.
      - LYMHP NODES
        
        It produces white blood cells
        
        Lymph nodes act as a filter to destroy microorganisms that enter the body.
      - LYMPH FLUİD
        
        It coagulates late outside of the vein. White blood cells are found.
        
        It is approximately 1-2 liters in humans. Unlike blood, it does not contain red blood cells and many proteins, it is colorless
    - - Lymph veins opening in one direction
      - The force of gravity in structures above the heart
      - Pressure difference in the chest during respiration
      - The force of gravity in structures above the heart
      - Contraction of skeletal muscles
      - It is provided by the suction force created by the relaxation of the right atrium
    - - LYMPHADENİTİS
        
        a lymph node swells because it becomes infected
      - LYMPHEDEMA
        
        ıf it dont work properly, for example, if there is an obstruction, fluid may not drain effectively.
      - LYMPHOMA
        
        Cancer that starts in the lymphatic system is known as lymphoma