Bio-Geo

5 Kingdoms

Animal kingdom

Plant kingdom

Taxonomy

7 levels of taxonomy

What is it?

It is the science that classifies living things according to natural criteria

Taxon

A taxon is a group into which living things are grouped according to common characteristics

They are:

Phylum

Class

Kingdom

Order

Family

Genus

Species

It is the next level following kingdom in the classification of living things. The physical similarities suggest that there is a common ancestry among those organisms of a particular phylum

It is a way to further divide the organisms of a phylum. Humans belong to the Mammal class because we drink milk as a baby.

Carolus Linnaeus

He was a swedish botanist and zoologist. He created the modern-day bionomial nomenclature for classifying organisms

(table)

Importance of plants

They they the primary source of food for many organisms

They absorb co2 and produce oxygen during photosynthesis

Preventing soil erosion is a common ecological practice

They are the habitat for many organisms

Many plants can be used to create medicaments

Photosynthesis

First plants' roots absorb water

Then, water is carried to the leaves where co2 is absorbed

Chlorofyll, which is a green pigment, uses sunlight to convert water and co2 into a storable form of energy (glucose) to be used by plants when needed

Finally oxygen is released from the same tiny holes through which the co2 entered

Water + co2 -----Sunlight------ glucose + oxygen

Parts of a plant

Roots

They provide anchorage for the plant

Root hairs take in water and minerals from the soil

It can accumulate reserve nutrients

Stem

It serves as a support for te rest of the plant

It transports water, nutrients and mineral salts

It can accumulate reserve substances

Leaves

Due to chlorofyll, leaves can perform photosynthesis

They use sunlight to change co2 and water into glucose

They have tiny pores which allow co2 in, and waste gases out

Pollination and fertilization

Pollination is the act of transfering pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of another

While in fertilization, a pollen grain on the stigma grows a tiny tube, al the way down the style, to the ovary. This pollen tube carries a male gamete to meet a female gamete in an ovule

The two big groups of plants

The two big groups........ are Angiosperms and gymnosperms

Angiosperms:

Vascular plans with seeds, fruits and flower for reproduction

The most abundant and diverse plants arround the globe

Many rely on the interaction between animals and their flowers for reproduction

Characteristics

Are eukaryoyic and multicellular organisms

Most can move (locomotion), they show rapid movement when compared to plants and other organisms

Due to the fact that they have nerve cells, muscle and contractable tissue, animals are able to respond quickly to external stimuli

Support and protection is provided by de eskeletal system

Animals can be seen in seas, fresh water and in the land

Two big groups of animals

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Their body is divided into three parts: Head, trunk and tail regions (many don't have tail)

They have backbones

They are characterized by a muscular system

They have a central nervous system partly enclose within the backbone

They are multicellular organisms, cells form tissues, which form organs

Normally they have articulated limbs

5 groups of vertebrates

Skeleton

Vertebrates

Reptiles

Mamals

Anphibians

Birds

Fish

The skeletal system serves as a support structure for the body

Types of fishes

Cartilaginous

Bony

Their skeleton is entirely made of bone

They have an operculum on either side of their gills

They fertilize eggs externally

Their skeleton is entirely made of cartilage

They don't have an operculum on either sides of their gills

They fertilize their eggs internally

Characteristics of reptiles

All reptiles have four limbs or are descendants of four-limbed animals

Groups of reptiles: Lizards, crocodiles, turtles and snakes

They are ectothermic. They are cool-blooded animals, they warm their bodies absorbing heat from the environment

Hibernation

Hibernation is when animals slow their heart to save energy and survive the winter without eating much

Some anphibians and resptiles hibernate when the conditions are unfavorable for survival

Why do some anphibians have special colours

To attrack mates

Some are dark coloured to attrack better the heat from the environment

To warn predators they are poisonous to eat

Characteristics of birds that allow them to fly

They have wings

They have lightwight skeletones with holow bones which keep them light enough to fly

What do mammals possess that other organisms don't

They possess hair, mammary and sweat glands. They also have a sigle opening in the skull behind the eye

Types of mammals