Bio-Geo
5 Kingdoms
Animal kingdom
Plant kingdom
Taxonomy
7 levels of taxonomy
What is it?
It is the science that classifies living things according to natural criteria
Taxon
A taxon is a group into which living things are grouped according to common characteristics
They are:
Phylum
Class
Kingdom
Order
Family
Genus
Species
It is the next level following kingdom in the classification of living things. The physical similarities suggest that there is a common ancestry among those organisms of a particular phylum
It is a way to further divide the organisms of a phylum. Humans belong to the Mammal class because we drink milk as a baby.
Carolus Linnaeus
He was a swedish botanist and zoologist. He created the modern-day bionomial nomenclature for classifying organisms
(table)
Importance of plants
They they the primary source of food for many organisms
They absorb co2 and produce oxygen during photosynthesis
Preventing soil erosion is a common ecological practice
They are the habitat for many organisms
Many plants can be used to create medicaments
Photosynthesis
First plants' roots absorb water
Then, water is carried to the leaves where co2 is absorbed
Chlorofyll, which is a green pigment, uses sunlight to convert water and co2 into a storable form of energy (glucose) to be used by plants when needed
Finally oxygen is released from the same tiny holes through which the co2 entered
Water + co2 -----Sunlight------ glucose + oxygen
Parts of a plant
Roots
They provide anchorage for the plant
Root hairs take in water and minerals from the soil
It can accumulate reserve nutrients
Stem
It serves as a support for te rest of the plant
It transports water, nutrients and mineral salts
It can accumulate reserve substances
Leaves
Due to chlorofyll, leaves can perform photosynthesis
They use sunlight to change co2 and water into glucose
They have tiny pores which allow co2 in, and waste gases out
Pollination and fertilization
Pollination is the act of transfering pollen from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma of another
While in fertilization, a pollen grain on the stigma grows a tiny tube, al the way down the style, to the ovary. This pollen tube carries a male gamete to meet a female gamete in an ovule
The two big groups of plants
The two big groups........ are Angiosperms and gymnosperms
Angiosperms:
Vascular plans with seeds, fruits and flower for reproduction
The most abundant and diverse plants arround the globe
Many rely on the interaction between animals and their flowers for reproduction
Characteristics
Are eukaryoyic and multicellular organisms
Most can move (locomotion), they show rapid movement when compared to plants and other organisms
Due to the fact that they have nerve cells, muscle and contractable tissue, animals are able to respond quickly to external stimuli
Support and protection is provided by de eskeletal system
Animals can be seen in seas, fresh water and in the land
Two big groups of animals
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
Their body is divided into three parts: Head, trunk and tail regions (many don't have tail)
They have backbones
They are characterized by a muscular system
They have a central nervous system partly enclose within the backbone
They are multicellular organisms, cells form tissues, which form organs
Normally they have articulated limbs
5 groups of vertebrates
Skeleton
Vertebrates
Reptiles
Mamals
Anphibians
Birds
Fish
The skeletal system serves as a support structure for the body
Types of fishes
Cartilaginous
Bony
Their skeleton is entirely made of bone
They have an operculum on either side of their gills
They fertilize eggs externally
Their skeleton is entirely made of cartilage
They don't have an operculum on either sides of their gills
They fertilize their eggs internally
Characteristics of reptiles
All reptiles have four limbs or are descendants of four-limbed animals
Groups of reptiles: Lizards, crocodiles, turtles and snakes
They are ectothermic. They are cool-blooded animals, they warm their bodies absorbing heat from the environment
Hibernation
Hibernation is when animals slow their heart to save energy and survive the winter without eating much
Some anphibians and resptiles hibernate when the conditions are unfavorable for survival
Why do some anphibians have special colours
To attrack mates
Some are dark coloured to attrack better the heat from the environment
To warn predators they are poisonous to eat
Characteristics of birds that allow them to fly
They have wings
They have lightwight skeletones with holow bones which keep them light enough to fly
What do mammals possess that other organisms don't
They possess hair, mammary and sweat glands. They also have a sigle opening in the skull behind the eye
Types of mammals